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. 2021 Sep 28;2021(9):CD009790. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009790.pub2

Comparison 5. SUBGROUP ANALYSES (Conservative comparisons).

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
5.1 Pain (/100): Earliest follow‐up, Exercise vs. other conservative treatments 64 6295 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐9.10 [‐12.63, ‐5.57]
5.1.1 Exercise vs. Education 20 2039 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐12.17 [‐19.38, ‐4.97]
5.1.2 Exercise vs. Manual therapy 12 1632 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 0.99 [‐3.14, 5.13]
5.1.3 Exercise vs. Electrotherapy 3 200 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐10.34 [‐23.86, 3.17]
5.1.4 Exercise vs. Psychological therapy 2 134 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐18.67 [‐30.75, ‐6.60]
5.1.5 Exercise vs. Mixed physical therapy 21 1869 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐10.42 [‐15.22, ‐5.62]
5.1.6 Exercise vs. Back school 3 241 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐14.02 [‐22.68, ‐5.35]
5.1.7 Exercise vs. Relaxation 1 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.50 [‐13.11, 6.11]
5.1.8 Exercise vs. Anti‐inflammatories 2 112 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐14.82 [‐24.44, ‐5.20]
5.2 Function (/100): Earliest follow‐up, Exercise vs. other conservative treatments 52 6004 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.10 [‐5.97, ‐2.24]
5.2.1 Exercise vs. Education 19 2598 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐8.03 [‐10.75, ‐5.30]
5.2.2 Exercise vs. Manual therapy 12 1637 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 1.46 [‐1.47, 4.38]
5.2.3 Exercise vs. Electrotherapy 4 248 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐3.81 [‐10.07, 2.44]
5.2.4 Exercise vs. Psychological therapy 1 28 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐7.50 [‐25.37, 10.37]
5.2.5 Exercise vs. Mixed physical therapy 12 1074 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐4.28 [‐9.00, 0.43]
5.2.6 Exercise vs. Back school 2 209 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.74 [‐6.34, 2.85]
5.2.7 Exercise vs. Relaxation 1 68 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) 4.59 [‐4.72, 13.90]
5.2.8 Exercise vs. Anti‐inflammatories 2 142 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐13.78 [‐21.98, ‐5.57]