| Study characteristics |
| Methods |
Study design: RCT
Setting: Italy, healthcare
Exercise groups: 1
Comparison groups: 1 |
| Participants |
Number of participants: 30 (E1 = 15, C1 = 15)
Chronic LBP duration: Not specified (not specified)
Neurological/radicular symptoms: Some participants
Mean age (years): Not reported
Sex (female): Not reported |
| Interventions |
Exercise Group 1 (E1): Stretching of the trunk muscles, erector spine and abdominal reinforcement, postural exercises; type = stretching & strengthening; duration = 4 weeks; dose = low; design = standardised; delivery = group; additional intervention = advice/education
Comparison Group 1 (C1): Other conservative treatment (back school) |
| Outcomes |
Core outcomes reported: Pain (McGill Pain Score)
Follow‐up time periods available for syntheses: 4 weeks (short) |
| Notes |
Conflicts of interest: None to declare
Funding source: Not reported
Other: None |
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Thirty individuals, referred to an academic hospital, were enrolled in this study and randomised into two groups. |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not described |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)
All outcomes |
High risk |
Not described |
| Blinding of care provider (performance bias) |
High risk |
Not described |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias)
All outcomes |
Unclear risk |
Not described |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes |
Low risk |
No dropouts |
| Participants analysed in group allocated (attrition bias) |
Low risk |
No dropouts |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) |
Low risk |
Support for judgement was not available. |
| Groups similar at baseline (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not described |
| Co‐interventions avoided or similar (performance bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not described |
| Compliance acceptable in all groups (performance bias) |
Unclear risk |
Not described |
| Timing of outcome assessment similar in all groups (detection bias) |
Low risk |
Support for judgement was not available. |
