| Study characteristics |
| Methods |
Study design: RCT
Setting: Thailand, healthcare
Exercise groups: 2
Comparison groups: 0 |
| Participants |
Number of participants: 72 (E1 = 36, E2 = 36)
Chronic LBP duration: 150 weeks (moderate)
Neurological/radicular symptoms: Not specified
Mean age (years): 41
Sex (female): 78% |
| Interventions |
Exercise Group 1 (E1): Aerobic exercises; type = aerobic; duration = 12 weeks; dose = high; design = standardised; delivery = not specified; additional intervention = advice/education
Exercise Group 2 (E2): Flexion and postural exercises; type = flexibility/mobilising; duration = 12 weeks; dose = high; design = standardised; delivery = not specified; additional intervention = advice/education & psychological therapy |
| Outcomes |
Core outcomes reported: Pain (Visual Analogue Scale)
Follow‐up time periods available for syntheses: 12 weeks (short) |
| Notes |
Conflicts of interest: Not reported
Funding source: Not reported
Other: None |
| Risk of bias |
| Bias |
Authors' judgement |
Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
Low risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Unclear risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)
All outcomes |
High risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Blinding of care provider (performance bias) |
High risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias)
All outcomes |
High risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes |
Low risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Participants analysed in group allocated (attrition bias) |
High risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) |
Unclear risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Groups similar at baseline (selection bias) |
Low risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Co‐interventions avoided or similar (performance bias) |
Unclear risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Compliance acceptable in all groups (performance bias) |
Unclear risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
| Timing of outcome assessment similar in all groups (detection bias) |
Low risk |
Support for judgement is not available |
