| Study | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Akbari 2008 | Article judged to contain plagiarism and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Aleksiev 2014 | Not a chronic population |
| Ali 2013 | Article judged to contain plagiarism, has been rated as high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Anema 2007 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain (subacute only) |
| Bergstrom 2012 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain (mixed population, neck pain) |
| Bhatnagar 2017 | Article judged to contain plagiarism and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Browder 2007 | Population did not have a majority chronic with low back pain (mixed population, some surgical) |
| Celestini 2005 | Population was not nonspecific chronic low back pain |
| Chatzitheodorou 2008 | No comparison for exercise group (exercises did not differ between groups) |
| Cho 2014 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and has been rated as having high risk of bias |
| Chul 2016 | Population was not chronic low back pain (intermittent back pain) |
| Demirel 2008 | No comparison for exercise group (exercises did not differ between groups) |
| Diaz‐Arribas 2015 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain |
| Dillen 2016 | No comparison for exercise group |
| Dundar 2009 | Article judged to contain plagiarism and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Ferreira 2016 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain (main complaint leg pain) |
| Ford 2016 | Exercise not the main component of intervention |
| Froholdt 2012 | Population was not nonspecific chronic low back pain |
| Galantino 2004 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Gao 2006 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Haufe 2017 | Population did not have chronic low back pain at baseline |
| Hosseinifar 2013 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal, judged to contain plagiarism and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Jeong 2015 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Jeong 2016 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Ju 2015 | Not judged to be exercise treatment (passive mobilisations only) |
| Ju‐Hyun 2017 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain (main complaint leg pain) |
| Kachanathu 2012 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal, was rated as having high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Kaeding 2017 | Exercise not judged to be the main component of intervention |
| Kamali 2014 | No comparison for exercise group (exercises did not differ between groups) |
| Kamali 2018 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain |
| Kang 2016 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Kim 2013 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and has been rated as high risk of bias |
| Kim 2014 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and has been rated as high risk of bias |
| Kim 2015b | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal, was rated as high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Ko 2018 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal, judged to contain plagiarism and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Konstantinou 2007 | Exercise not judged to be the main component of intervention |
| Kumar 2011 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain (mixed population, duration unclear) |
| Lee 2014a | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal, was rated as high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Lee 2014b | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal, was rated as high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Lee 2016b | Population with low back pain at baseline was unclear |
| Lee 2017 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Lee 2018 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Maciaszek 2016 | Population did not have chronic low back pain |
| Majiwala 2017 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Masse‐Alarie 2017 | No comparison for exercise group (exercises did not differ between groups) |
| Mirovsky 2006 | Article judged to contain plagiarism, has been rated as high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Moon 2017 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Nambi 2014 | Article judged to contain plagiarism, has been rated as having high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Nazzal 2013 | Article judged to contain plagiarism and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Park 2013 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal, was rated as having high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Park 2019 | No comparison for exercise group (exercises did not differ between groups) |
| Paungmali 2018 | Outcomes of interest not measured |
| Pengel 2007 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain (subacute) |
| Rasmussen 2015 | Population did not have low back pain at baseline |
| Rhon 2018 | Population did not have a majority with nonspecific chronic low back pain |
| Schaller 2017 | Not judged to be exercise treatment (movement coaching) |
| Schiltenwolf 2006 | Population did not have chronic low back pain (subacute) |
| Sjogren 2006b | No comparison for exercise group |
| Suni 2006 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain |
| Suni 2017 | Population did not have a majority with nonspecific chronic low back pain |
| Tang 2016 | Population did not have nonspecific chronic low back pain |
| Telles 2016 | Population did not have nonspecific chronic low back pain |
| Tsauo 2009 | Article judged to contain plagiarism and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Wand 2004 | Population did not have chronic low back pain (acute) |
| Waqqar 2016 | Population did not have chronic low back pain |
| Whitfill 2010 | Population did not have chronic low back pain (acute) |
| Woo 2016 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal, was rated as having high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Wright 2005 | Population did not have chronic low back pain |
| Wu 2004 | Population did not have a majority with chronic low back pain (mixed population) |
| Yilmaz Yelvar 2017 | No comparison for exercise group (exercises did not differ between groups) |
| Yoo 2012 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal, was rated as having high risk of bias and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Yoon 2013 | Population did not have chronic low back pain |
| Yu 2016 | Article judged to be published in a predatory journal and included inadequate reporting of CONSORT items |
| Zahin 2018 | No comparison for exercise group (exercises did not differ between groups) |
Detailed information about excluded studies is available on request.
CONSORT: Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials