. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2021 Aug 3;13(10):1278–1287. doi: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.07.013

Table 5.

Student scores of cultural competence: mean differences (range 1 to 4) at the factor level.

Domains and factors (n)	Year					Gender			Race					Age (years)
	P	P1 (307)	P2 (201)	P3 (182)	P4 (185)	P	Men (293)	Women (579)	P	Black (192)	Asian (251)	White (342)	Other (90)	P	< 25 (476)	25–29 (244)	≥ 30 (155)
Knowledge domain
F1 health issues	.001	2.16^b	2.26	2.6^a	2.57	.07	2.43	2.33	.001	2.64^a	2.35^b	2.25^b	2.19^b	.023	2.3^b	2.44^a	2.42
F2 context of care	.001	2.1^b	2.18	2.47^a	2.45	.008	2.36^a	2.22	.001	2.52^a	2.28^b	2.14^b	2.17^b	.30	2.24	2.3	2.32
Skills domain
F3 effective services	.001	2.19^b	2.22	2.68^a	2.67^a	.07	2.47	2.37	.006	2.48^a	2.49^a	2.31^b	2.33^b	.001	2.29^b	2.53^a	2.53^a
F4 cross-cultural conflicts	.001	2.04^b	2.07	2.5^a	2.5^a	.08	2.31	2.2	.001	2.41^c	2.33^c	2.13^c	2.05	.03	2.17^b	2.35^a	2.29
Attitudes domain
F5 patient discrimination	.25	2.9	3.02	2.93	3.02	.001	2.82	3.03^a	.001	3.23^c	3.06^c	2.73^c	2.98^c	.84	2.97	2.94	2.94
F6 social determinants	.04	3.45^b	3.59^a	3.5	3.49	.34	3.47	3.51	.001	3.6^a	3.55	3.42^b	3.47	.63	3.52	3.48	3.48
F7 intercultural interactions	.22	3.25	3.28	3.26	3.13	.001	3.09	3.3^a	.004	3.34^a	3.31^a	3.13^b	3.14^b	.005	3.3^a	3.19	3.08^b
Encounters domain
F8 comfort in encounters	.03	2.7^b	2.8	2.91^a	2.79	.69	2.8	2.78	.001	2.99^a	2.82	2.64^b	2.81	.11	2.74	2.82	2.87
F9 communication challenges	.006	2.3^b	2.39	2.57^a	2.44	.05	2.49^a	2.38	.001	2.66^a	2.45	2.29^b	2.28^b	.40	2.43	2.44	2.35
Abilities domain
F10 needs assessment	.001	2.69^b	2.84	3.09^a	3.04	.72	2.9	2.88	.003	2.96^a	2.9	2.9	2.62^b	.77	2.89	2.9	2.85
F11 cultural knowledge	.009	2.91^b	3.03	3.06^a	3.01	.54	3.01	2.98	.001	3.12^a	2.98	2.94	2.92^a	.78	3	2.99	2.97
Awareness domain
F12 self-reflection	.10	3.27	3.41	3.32	3.33	.31	3.29	3.34	.001	3.59^c	3.36^c	3.15^c	3.31	.005	3.38^a	3.31	3.19^b
F13 Barriers to health care	.009	3.1^b	3.23^a	3.21	3.23	.107	3.14	3.2	.001	3.3^a	3.18	3.1^b	3.24	.771	3.19	3.18	3.15
F14 racial dynamics	.44	3.07	3.09	2.98	3.01	.234	3	3.07	.001	3.49^c	3.14^c	2.71^c	3.1	.004	3.12^a	2.92^b	3.02
Total score	.001	2.62^b	2.71	2.87^a	2.84	.58	2.75	2.73	.001	2.93^c	2.78^c	2.63^c	2.65	.60	2.73	2.76	2.74

F = factor; P1 = first-year student; P2 = second-year student; P3 = third-year student; P4 = fourth-year student.

These groups had significantly higher mean scores than their respective counterpart with the lowest score (P < .05).

These groups had significantly lower mean scores than their respective counterpart with the highest score (P < .05).

These groups were significantly different between each other (P < .05).