Fig. 3.

UV damage at transcription factor binding sites and melanoma mutations. a A region 100–150 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site of the PCNA gene acquires high levels of CPDs after UV irradiation of HeLa cells at a specific position containing a consensus binding site of the NFY transcription factor (5′ATTGG). CPDs and (6–4)PPs were mapped separately in this region (Tornaletti and Pfeifer 1995). Note that these CPDs at 5′TT sequences would not be mutagenic. b Schematic illustration of high levels of UV damage (CPDs) at transcription factor (TF) binding sites genome-wide, generally enhanced repair in open chromatin regions surrounding the TF but diminished repair at the TF binding site itself, and the resulting mutation hotspots targeted to such binding sites in melanoma skin tumor genomes (Sabarinathan et al. 2016; Elliott et al. 2018)