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. 2021 Sep 27;19:292. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00994-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Complex formation with pDNA and stability tests. A EBA and HRA of (layered) polyplexes at N*/P 30 in HBG buffer. Columns represent EBA results as mean ± SD (n = 3). Dots represent HRA results with mean ± CI (confidence interval, n = 3). HC₅₀ indicates heparin concentration required to release 50% of pDNA and was calculated with logistic fit functions (see Additional file 1). B DLS and ELS measurement of (layered) polyplexes at N*/P 30 in HBG buffer. Values represent mean ± SD (n = 2) of z-average (columns), PDI (triangles) or ζ-potential (dots). C Schematic representation of interactions between micelles, pDNA, shielding polymers and heparin (blue dots)