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. 2021 Sep 27;23:92. doi: 10.1186/s13058-021-01467-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Identification of an IBC-specific gene signature. a Left: List of IBC and non-IBC samples used for gene signature discovery (GSE45581 dataset). Row wise matched HER2/ER scores are highlighted and sample accessions numbers (GSM) from gene expression omnibus (GEO) database are indicated. Middle: Strategy for signature discovery. Right: Strategy for signature validation. b Unsupervised hierarchical clustering heatmap of all samples (GSE45581 dataset) using the IBC signature genes. c The Optimal number of clusters determined by the Caliński–Harabasz criterion. d Principal Component Analysis scatter plot using the first and second principal components. e Waterfall plot for all samples’ IBC probability score (see Additional file 1: Supp. Methods) validating the signature. The dotted line demarcates the minimum probability score to classify the sample as IBC in the model. PAM50 molecular subtyping and ROR scores are indicated. f Distribution of expected accuracy from models trained using random sets of 59 genes (10,000 iterations) compared with the 100% accuracy observed in IBC signature (dotted distribution line versus solid vertical line, respectively)