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. 2021 Jul 15:1–11. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1941871

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Figure 2. — Antiviral role of vitamin D by autophagy. A possible macrophage responses to viral infection involves the induction of VDR and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Vitamin D (25-OHD) interacts with the vitamin D binding protein (DBP), enters the cells, activated to 1, 25 (OH)2D, and binds the VDR. Vitamin D-VDR binding results in the expression of genes coding for cathelicidin and β-defensin 2 (indicated by arrows), upregulation of NO and Ca, inhibition of mTOR mechanism, all these processes promote autophagy (adopted and modified from the recent literature [128,132–134]