Table 7.

Sensitivity test 1: main empirical models from Table 2 estimated with logistic regressions with district-clustered standard errors

Nutrition outcome	Stunted		Underweight		Wasted		Anaemic
Model	Full	No soc.-econ	Full	No soc.-econ	Full	No soc.-econ	Full	No soc.-econ
Infant & young child feeding	0.954˚	0.947*	0.899***	0.884***	0.877***	0.875***	0.996	0.993
Weaned (fed semisolid food)	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.024	0.025	0.025	0.023	0.023
	0.915***	0.937**	0.940*	0.909***	0.992	0.977	0.977	0.967
Minimum dietary diversity	0.023	0.023	0.025	0.024	0.030	0.029	0.025	0.024
	0.985	0.987	0.989	0.978	1.020	1.010	1.015	1.015
Minimum dietary frequency	0.022	0.022	0.023	0.022	0.026	0.025	0.021	0.020
Breastfed	1.045	1.102**	1.222***	1.269***	1.136***	1.162***	0.937*	0.951˚
	0.032	0.033	0.040	0.041	0.041	0.041	0.025	0.025
Child characteristics
Female child	0.775***	0.784***	0.786***	0.795***	0.881***	0.882***	0.985	0.990
	0.014	0.014	0.015	0.015	0.019	0.019	0.016	0.016
Age (comp. to 6–11 months)
12–17 months	2.118***	2.116***	1.295***	1.309***	0.894***	0.891***	0.998	1.001
	0.051	0.049	0.033	0.032	0.024	0.024	0.020	0.020
18–23 months	3.100***	3.112***	1.699***	1.712***	0.771***	0.769***	1.011	1.017
	0.087	0.086	0.046	0.045	0.023	0.022	0.023	0.023
Preterm	1.202***	1.188***	1.190***	1.196***	1.096*	1.096*	1.028	1.021
	0.048	0.046	0.049	0.048	0.047	0.046	0.039	0.038
Any prelacteal feed	1.006	0.957˚	0.969	0.944*	0.991	0.978	1.017	1.010
	0.025	0.023	0.028	0.027	0.031	0.030	0.025	0.025
Breastfed within 1 h of birth	1.031	1.049*	1.029	1.033	1.020	1.023	0.966	0.974
	0.023	0.023	0.025	0.024	0.026	0.026	0.021	0.022
Had diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks	1.006	0.992	1.127***	1.131***	1.110***	1.114***	1.036	1.035
	0.027	0.026	0.032	0.031	0.033	0.033	0.026	0.026
Birth order	1.077***	1.154***	1.070***	1.158***	1.033**	1.068***	1.0121.039***
	0.011	0.011	0.011	0.012	0.011	0.011	0.009	0.009
Birth interval	0.998***	0.998***	0.997***	0.997***	0.998***	0.998***	1.000	1.000
	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Maternal characteristics
Mother’s age at birth	0.986***	0.977***	0.987***	0.978***	1.003	0.999	0.996˚	0.993**
	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.003
Mother undernourished	1.381***	1.470***	1.886***	2.018***	1.493***	1.543***	1.198***	1.234***
	0.032	0.033	0.043	0.045	0.035	0.035	0.028	0.029
Mother’s education in years	0.964***		0.965***		0.989***		0.986***
	0.002		0.003		0.003		0.002
Household characteristics
HH size	0.988**	0.973***	0.986***	0.972***	0.992˚	0.986***	1.009*	1.003
	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004	0.004
Female head of HH	1.018	1.003	0.995	1.000	0.957	0.962	0.983	0.976
	0.029	0.028	0.029	0.029	0.031	0.031	0.026	0.026
Number of children under 5 in HH	1.089***	1.106***	1.066***	1.085***	1.012	1.018	1.006	1.011
	0.016	0.016	0.015	0.015	0.016	0.015	0.012	0.012
Caste (comp. to scheduled caste)
Scheduled tribe	0.847***		1.077˚		1.203***		1.323***
	0.030		0.043		0.050		0.054
Other backward caste	0.883***		0.896***		0.982		0.919**
	0.025		0.025		0.028		0.024
Upper caste	0.736***		0.785***		0.942		0.877***
	0.026		0.030		0.038		0.028
Religion (comp. to Hindu)
Muslim	1.049		1.002		0.975		0.900**
	0.037		0.036		0.041		0.030
Other (Sikh, Christian, Buddhist, Traditional…	0.835***		0.936		0.926		0.863**
	0.040		0.054		0.061		0.049
Wealth quintile (comp. to lowest)
Lower middle	0.897***		0.876***		0.909**		0.981
	0.025		0.024		0.028		0.027
Middle	0.838***		0.752***		0.838***		0.992
	0.028		0.025		0.030		0.032
Upper middle	0.731***		0.659***		0.781***		0.952
	0.025		0.025		0.031		0.034
Highest	0.674***		0.536***		0.691***		0.900*
	0.028		0.024		0.036		0.037
Season (comp. to winter)
Summer	1.072	1.077	1.288***	1.289***	1.265***	1.276***	1.444***	1.470***
	0.051	0.049	0.051	0.051	0.063	0.064	0.071	0.072
Monsoon	1.205***	1.209***	1.693***	1.672***	1.580***	1.565***	1.786***	1.791***
	0.060	0.061	0.073	0.072	0.084	0.083	0.100	0.099
Autumn	1.178*	1.228*	1.443***	1.440***	1.304*	1.365*	1.617***	1.576***
	0.089	0.104	0.139	0.127	0.172	0.194	0.193	0.158
Private improved toilet	0.904***	0.728***	0.891***	0.681***	0.928**	0.804***	0.913***	0.829***
	0.021	0.016	0.021	0.015	0.024	0.018	0.020	0.017
Communal characteristics
District toilet prevalence	0.817**	0.596***	0.645***	0.446***	0.767*	0.638***	0.787*	0.668***
	0.060	0.068	0.068	0.046	0.097	0.078	0.095	0.079
Urban	0.952˚		1.033		1.023		0.978
	0.027		0.027		0.033		0.024
Coastal	0.891˚		0.827**		1.050		1.040
	0.061		0.058		0.063		0.066

All regressions were estimated using standard logistic regressions controlling for the Indian state of residence, with robust standard errors clustered by districts. The numbers next to the variables are adjusted odd ratios (AOR), below are standard errors. The N for all regressions is 57,021

***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < .05; °p < 0.1