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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 28.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Biochem Sci. 2020 May 6;45(9):731–747. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.04.002

Table 1:

Essential Cofactors for Chromatin Modifying Enzymes

Cofactor Structure Associated Metabolic Pathways Supported Chromatin Modifying Reaction(s) Common “Reader” Domains of Effectors Citations
Acetyl-CoA graphic file with name nihms-1736067-t0006.jpg Glycolysis; TCA Cycle; FA Oxidation; Amino Acid Catabolism; Acetate Metabolism Histone Acetylation Bromo; YEATS; DPF 1,9,11
Acyl-CoA graphic file with name nihms-1736067-t0007.jpg FA Oxidation; Ketogenesis; Amino Acid Catabolism Histone Acylation YEATs; DPF 1,8
SAM graphic file with name nihms-1736067-t0008.jpg 1C Metabolism; (Methionine and Folate Cycles); Phospholipid Synthesis Histone Methylation; DNA Methylation Chromo; PHD; Tudor, PWWP; TTD; MBD 56,64,68
NAD+ graphic file with name nihms-1736067-t0009.jpg Amino Acid Catabolism; Preiss-Handler Pathway; NAM Salvage Histone Deacetylation; Histone Deacylation; Histone ADP-Ribosylation Bromo; YEATS; DPF; PBZ; WWE; Macro- 34,36,112
Alpha-KG graphic file with name nihms-1736067-t0010.jpg TCA Cycle; Amino Acid Metabolism Histone Demethylation; DNA Demethylation Chromo; PHD; Tudor, PWWP; TTD; MBD 81,83,86
FAD graphic file with name nihms-1736067-t0011.jpg TCA Cycle; Oxidative Phosphorylation Histone Demethylation Chromo; PHD 81–83