ECs, endothelial cells; EndMT, endothelial-mesenchymal transition; CSCs, cancer stem cells; LGR5, Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5; ECM, extracellular matrix; CAF, Cancer associated fibroblast; TIAM1, T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein-1; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4; PD-1, programmed cell death-1; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; DC, dendritic cell; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell.