Table 3.
Daytime Nap Frequency, Covariates, and Incident HF
| Variables | Models | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | |
|
HR (95% CI) P Value |
HR (95% CI) P Value |
HR (95% CI) P Value |
HR (95% CI) P Value |
HR (95% CI) P Value |
|
| Age, y* |
1.03 (1.00–1.07) 0.032 |
1.04 (1.00–1.09) 0.018 |
1.04 (1.02–1.09) 0.073 |
1.03 (1.00–1.07) 0.051 |
1.06 (1.01–1.11) 0.028 |
| Sex, female |
0.92 (0.57–1.57) 0.757 |
1.06 (0.63–1.85) 0.837 |
0.87 (0.47–1.66) 0.658 |
0.98 (0.59–1.71) 0.955 |
1.11 (0.56–2.29) 0.777 |
| Education* |
0.93 (0.87–1.01) 0.0709 |
0.93 (0.86–1.00) 0.063 |
0.94 (0.87–1.03) 0.184 |
0.95 (0.88–1.03) 0.197 |
0.94 (0.86–1.02) 0.157 |
| Nap frequency, square‐root transformed† |
1.47 (1.18–1.81) 0.0006 |
1.56 (1.24–1.95) 0.0003 |
1.41 (1.09–1.82) 0.010 |
1.41 (1.13–1.74) 0.003 |
1.60 (1.20–2.13) 0.002 |
| Sleep | |||||
| Total night sleep time* | … |
0.90 (0.77–1.07) 0.249 |
… | … |
0.92 (0.75–1.14) 0.428 |
| Sleep fragmentation index† | … |
1.14 (0.92–1.36) 0.213 |
… | … |
1.23 (0.97–1.53) 0.082 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Alcohol consumption, ≥1 drink/wk | … | … |
0.96 (0.58–1.59) 0.873 |
… |
0.95 (0.55–1.62) 0.842 |
| Body mass indexa | … | … |
1.05 (1.01–1.10) 0.026 |
… |
1.04 (1.00–1.09) 0.070 |
| Frailty | … | … |
1.54 (0.60–3.58) 0.350 |
… |
1.75 (0.68–4.10) 0.234 |
| Parkinsonian signs | … | … |
0.96 (0.91–1.01) 0.113 |
… |
0.96 (0.90–1.01) 0.105 |
| Motor function† | … | … |
0.61 (0.41–0.88) 0.009 |
… |
0.62 (0.42–0.92) 0.018 |
| Mobility disability | … | … |
1.10 (0.58–2.01) 0.771 |
… |
0.967 |
| Depression, square‐root transformed* | … | … |
1.03 (0.74–1.42) 0.838 |
… |
0.96 (0.66–1.35) 0.802 |
| Anxiety | … | … |
1.34 (0.46–3.13) 0.553 |
… |
1.46 (0.49–3.44) 0.458 |
| Insomnia | … | … |
0.35 (0.09–0.96) 0.040 |
… |
0.43 (0.10–1.18) 0.109 |
| Antipsychotic | … | … |
1.48 (0.08–7.45) 0.722 |
… |
1.63 (0.09–8.76) 0.667 |
| Analgesic | … | … |
0.90 (0.53–1.61) 0.715 |
… |
0.76 (0.44–1.39) 0.363 |
| Anticonvulsant | … | … |
1.12 (0.47–2.34) 0.780 |
… |
1.21 (0.50–2.60) 0.647 |
| Urinary conditions | … | … |
1.50 (0.93–2.44) 0.099 |
… |
1.36 (0.80–2.35) 0.253 |
| Thyroid disease | … | … |
0.70 (0.39–1.21) 0.208 |
… |
0.82 (0.45–1.44) 0.495 |
| Global cognition† | … | … |
1.10 (0.82–1.51) 0.532 |
… |
1.21 (0.90–1.68) 0.219 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors/diseases | |||||
| Smoking | … | … | … |
1.16 (0.74–1.79) 0.516 |
1.53 (0.91–2.54) 0.105 |
| Hypertension | … | … | … |
1.92 (1.16–3.32) 0.011 |
1.37 (0.73–2.67) 0.328 |
| Cholesterol, ≥200 | … | … | … |
0.82 (0.50–1.32) 0.422 |
0.85 (0.48–1.46) 0.552 |
| Diabetes mellitus | … | … | … |
1.12 (0.60–1.98) 0.704 |
0.96 (0.45–1.88) 0.916 |
| Coronary artery disease | … | … | … |
1.31 (0.64–2.42) 0.436 |
1.16 (0.52–2.33) 0.703 |
| Claudication | … | … | … |
1.31 (0.67–2.35) 0.409 |
1.17 (0.53–2.32) 0.683 |
Model A is the core model adjusted for age, sex, and years of education. Models B, C, and D all build upon model A by additionally including nighttime sleep factors (B), comorbidities (C), and cardiovascular diseases and risk factors (D), respectively. Model E is the full model with all covariates adjusted.
HF indicates heart failure; and HR, hazard ratio.
Results for 1‐unit increase.
Results for 1‐SD increase.