Table 2.
Metabolic indicators change during the triala.
| Characteristic | Low (n = 26)b | Medium (n = 30)c | High (n = 28)d | P group | P 1v2 | P 2v3 | P 1v3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TP, g/l | Before | 73.75 (70.48, 76.43) | 74.90 (72.00, 76.43) | 73.10 (71.73, 76.53) | ||||
| After | 72.75 (70.43, 77.20) | 73.80 (71.00, 77.23) | 74.55 (72.50, 76.55) | |||||
| Change | −0.20 (−2.75, 1.33) | −1.30 (−2.75, 1.55) | 0.70 (−3.55, 4.45) | 0.601 | – | – | – | |
| Albumin, g/l | Before | 45.45 (44.68, 48.25) | 46.10 (44.05, 48.25) | 46.45 (44.63, 47.70) | ||||
| After | 46.10 (44.88, 47.20) | 46.45 (44.00, 47.45) | 46.55 (45.30, 48.30) | |||||
| Change | 0.1 (−2.08, 1.93) | 0.25 (−0.95, 1.875) | 0.35 (−0.65, 1.93) | 0.823 | – | – | – | |
| AST, U/l | Before | 23.00 (19.75, 26.00) | 23.00 (18.00, 26.00) | 23.00 (17.25, 29.75) | ||||
| After | 17.50 (16.00, 22.00) | 18.50 (15.75, 21.25) | 18.50 (15.25, 24.75) | |||||
| Change | −3.50 (−9.50, 2.00)* | −5.00 (−10.25, −1.75)** | −2.50 (−7.75, 0.00) | 0.053 | 0.086 | 0.020 | 0.565 | |
| ALT, U/l | Before | 25.00 (16.75, 33.25) | 26.00 (19.75, 33.25) | 28.50 (20.00, 45.75) | ||||
| After | 19.00 (13.00, 31.25) | 19.50 (12.75, 31.75) | 20.00 (14.50, 43.50) | |||||
| Change | −3.00 (−9.00, 5.50) | −8.00 (−18.00, −1.75)* | −3.50 (−13.75, 4.25) | 0.056 | 0.031 | 0.050 | 0.810 | |
| γ-GT, U/l | Before | 21.00 (15.00, 35.10) | 23.50 (18.00, 35.10) | 20.00 (16.00, 40.75) | ||||
| After | 18.00 (11.75, 25.50) | 19.50 (14.00, 28.50) | 18.50 (12.00, 29.25) | |||||
| Change | −3.00 (−6.75, −0.50) | −3.00 (−12.25, −1.00)* | −2.50 (−9.00, 1.00)* | 0.240 | – | – | – | |
| ALP, U/l | Before | 77.50 (66.50, 94.25) | 81.00 (69.50, 94.25) | 70.00 (54.25, 94.25) | ||||
| After | 69.85 (60.46, 88.92) | 71.87 (60.85, 89.67) | 64.76 (51.73, 84.08) | |||||
| Change | −7.15 (−15.11, −2.04)* | −10.32 (−17.01, −4.75)* | −4.15 (−11.72, 2.59)* | 0.531 | – | – | – | |
| TBIL, μmol/l | Before | 11.35 (8.35, 16.78) | 12.20 (10.43, 16.78) | 15.45 (10.80, 21.85) | ||||
| After | 10.35 (7.43, 12.08) | 10.40 (7.53, 15.15) | 12.85 (7.73, 20.20) | |||||
| Change | −2.45 (−5.00, 0.25)* | −1.25 (−4.20, 0.60) | −2.05 (−7.45, 1.33)* | 0.711 | – | – | – | |
| IBIL, μmol/l | Before | 6.7 (4.48, 11.10) | 7.95 (6.33, 11.10) | 10.40 (6.38, 16.73) | ||||
| After | 6.90 (4.83, 9.1) | 7.30 (5.40, 10.85) | 9.40 (5.60, 14.70) | |||||
| Change | −1.35 (−3.18, 2.03) | −3.00 (−2.08, 1.00) | −0.05 (−5.00, 1.63) | 0.627 | – | – | – | |
| DBIL, μmol/l | Before | 4.6 (4.10, 5.20) | 4.35 (3.98, 5.20) | 4.80 (3.83, 6.58) | ||||
| After | 3.00 (2.48, 3.60) | 2.80 (2.30, 4.00) | 3.05 (2.25, 4.33) | |||||
| Change | −1.75 (−2.03, −1.18)** | −1.40 (−2.20, −0.45)** | −1.55 (−2.60, −0.95)** | 0.393 | – | – | – | |
| TC, mmol/l | Before | 4.79 (4.25, 5.39) | 4.64 (4.47, 5.39) | 4.39 (4.12, 4.78) | ||||
| After | 4.94 (4.31, 5.63) | 4.57 (3.95, 4.92) | 4.68 (4.20, 4.93) | |||||
| Change | 0.11 (−0.57, 0.51) | −0.01 (−0.43, 0.31) | 0.28 (−0.22, 0.55) | 0.421 | – | – | – | |
| TG, mmol/l | Before | 1.84 (1.11, 2.31) | 1.62 (1.03, 2.31) | 1.23 (1.05, 2.27) | ||||
| After | 1.83 (1.08, 2.22) | 1.56 (1.06, 2.05) | 1.33 (0.98, 2.91) | |||||
| Change | 0.05 (−0.45, 0.29) | 0.04 (−0.36, 0.40) | 0.21 (−0.09, 0.57)* | 0.093 | – | – | – | |
| HOMA-IR | Before | 4.31 (2.90, 6.47) | 3.75 (2.01, 5.45) | 3.14 (1.93, 6.35) | ||||
| After | 2.97 (2.11, 4.12) | 1.35 (0.49, 3.24) | 0.74 (0.26, 5.78) | |||||
| Change | −1.23 (−2.59, 0.38)* | −2.01 (−3.33, −0.35)** | −1.66 (−2.91, −0.15)* | 0.515 | – | – | – |
Values are median (Q1–Q3) for variables with skewed distribution. TP, total protein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; TBIL, total bilirubin; IBIL, serum indirect bilirubin; DBIL, serum direct bilirubin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance = FINS (uU/ml) × FGlucose(mmol/l)/22.5.
means comparison between before and after the intervention, P < 0.05;
means comparison between before and after the intervention, P < 0.001. Paired t-test was used for comparison before and after the intervention.
means the low-dose group (250 mg/day);
means the medium-dose group (1,000 mg/day);
means the high-dose group (2,000 mg/day); Pgroup means comparison among the three groups; P1v2 means comparison between the low-dose group and the medium-dose group; P2v3 means comparison between the medium-dose group and the high-dose group; P1v3 means comparison between the low-dose group and the high-dose group. Among-group differences were analyzed with ANOVA for normally distributed variables or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for skewered variables. The Student–Newman–Keuls test method was used for post-hoc testing to complete the paired comparison between the groups.