Table 2. Risk factors analysis of possible severe bacterial neonatal infections.
| Madagascar N = 2,050 | Senegal N = 630 | Cambodiad N = 769 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||||
| HR [95% CI] | p | Adjusted HRa [95% CI] | p | HR [95% CI] | p | aHRb [95% CI] | p | HR [95% CI] | p | aHRc [95% CI] | p | |
| Site (urban site as reference) | 0.9 [0.75–1.3] | 0.88 | 0.58 [0.29–1.14] | 0.12 | 0.8 [0.46–1.45] | 0.48 | ||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Absence/primary school | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
| Partial secondary school | 0.81 [0.58–1.11] | 0.19 | 0.82 [0.31–2.12] | 0.68 | 0.83 [0.44–1.58] | 0.57 | ||||||
| Complete secondary or higher | 1.1 [0.77–1.58] | 0.59 | 1.44 [0.56–3.74] | 0.45 | 0.55 [0.19–1.56] | 0.26 | ||||||
| Primigravidae | 1.36 [1.03–1.79] | 0.03 | 0.94 [0.43–2.04] | 0.87 | 1.5 [0.86–2.76] | 0.14 | ||||||
| Twins pregnancy | 3.99 [2.5–6.4] | 0.001 | - e | 7.03 [1.7–29] | 0.007 | |||||||
| Hospitalization during pregnancy | 2.02 [1.1–3.7] | 0.02 | 0.87 [0.12–6.3] | 0.89 | 0.7 [0.1–5.1] | 0.72 | ||||||
| Skilled birth attendant | 0.95 [0.7–1.31] | 0.77 | 0.6 [0.08–4.3] | 0.61 | - f | |||||||
| Sex of newborn (boys as reference) | 0.72 [0.55–0.94] | 0.02 | 0.9 [0.5–1.7] | 0.80 | 0.8 [0.45–1.4] | 0.45 | ||||||
| Delivery out of healthcare facilities | 0.8 [0.6–1.04] | 0.10 | - e | - f | ||||||||
| LBW | 4.35 [3.28–5.8] | 0.001 | 4.52 [3.36–6.1] | <0.001 | 2.39 [1.0–5.7] | 0.05 | 2.48 [1.03–5.95] | 0.04 | - d | |||
| Cesarean section | 1.65 [1.14–2.4] | 0.001 | 1.7 [0.23–12.4] | 0.53 | 1.34 [0.6–3] | 0.48 | ||||||
| Fetid amniotic fluid | 3.2 [2.3–4.44] | 0.001 | 2.2 [1.71–3.4] | <0.001 | 3.78 [1.99–7.16] | 0.001 | 3.94 [2.05–7.6] | <0.001 | 6.01 [2.38–15.2] | <0.001 | 5.5 [2.1–14.4] | 0.001 |
| Dystocic delivery | 4.15 [3.08–5.58] | 0.001 | 3.2 [2.38–4.5] | <0.001 | 2.8 [0.67–11.6] | 0.16 | 2.2 [0.77–6.04] | 0.14 | ||||
a Multivariable analysis in Madagascar: adjusted on site (rural versus urban) (1.2 [0.88–1.55], p = 0.28) and sex of the newborn (0.65 [0.49–0.86], p = 0.002).
b Multivariable analysis in Senegal: adjusted on site (rural versus urban) (0.51 [0.25–1.01], p = 0.05) and sex of the newborn (1.06 [0.55–2.01], p = 0.87).
c Multivariable analysis in Cambodia: adjusted on site (rural versus urban) (0.91 [0.5–1.65], p = 0.75) and sex of the newborn (0.7 [0.38–1.26], p = 0.23).
d For analysis in Cambodia: LBW is incorporated in the model as a stratification factor.
e No possible estimation as no cases of pSBI occurred among twins and one case among neonates who delivered out of healthcare facilities.
f No possible estimation as no cases of pSBI occurred among neonates who delivered out of healthcare facilities and among those who delivered with unqualified healthcare workers.
aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; LBW, low birth weight; pSBI, possible severe bacterial infection.