Fig 1. Flow chart for enrollment of mother–baby dyads from parent trial into the PAMaNeD cohort.

^aEligibility potential defined by the age of the child (i.e., had to be between 12 and 18 months of age during the study enrollment period). ^bMalaria negative defined as peripheral PCR negative throughout pregnancy and negative for placental malaria (by histology and placental PCR). Malaria positive defined as any peripheral PCR-positive malaria and/or positive for placental malaria (by histology and/or placental PCR). MCAB-CDI, MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories; MDAT, Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool.