Table 1. Baseline characteristics of PAMaNeD mother–baby dyads overall and by malaria status in pregnancy.
| Characteristic | Overall | Malaria negativea | Malaria positivea | p-Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | 421 (100) | 160 (38.0) | 261 (62.0) | |
| Baseline maternal characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age (years) | 21 [19, 25] | 23 [20, 27] | 20 [18, 23] | <0.001 |
| Gestational age at enrollment (weeks) | 19.7 [17.9, 22.1] | 20.4 [18.3, 22.5] | 19.6 [17.7, 21.9] | 0.059 |
| Socioeconomic status (tertile) | 0.012 | |||
| 1 | 125 (29.8) | 36 (22.6) | 89 (34.2) | |
| 2 | 145 (34.6) | 54 (34.0) | 91 (35.0) | |
| 3 | 149 (35.6) | 69 (43.4) | 80 (30.8) | |
| Hemoglobin at enrollment (g/dL) | 10.9 [9.9, 12.0] | 11.3 [10.3, 12.3] | 10.7 [9.7, 11.8] | <0.001 |
| Primigravid | 277 (65.8) | 40 (25.0) | 104 (39.8) | 0.003 |
| Maternal education status (tertile) | 0.911 | |||
| 1 | 125 (29.8) | 46 (28.9) | 79 (30.4) | |
| 2 | 229 (54.7) | 87 (54.7) | 142 (54.6) | |
| 3 | 65 (15.5) | 26 (16.4) | 39 (15.0) | |
| Malaria statusc | ||||
| Negative | 160 (38.0) | |||
| Antenatal malaria | 240 (57.3) | |||
| Placental malaria | 112 (29.6) | |||
| Perinatal and child characteristics | ||||
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 38.7 [37.4, 39.9] | 38.7 [37.6, 39.9] | 38.6 [37.3, 39.9] | 0.253 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.0 [2.7, 3.2] | 3.0 [2.8, 3.3] | 3.0 [2.7, 3.2] | 0.033 |
| Sex | 0.123 | |||
| Male | 211 (50.1) | 72 (45.0) | 139 (53.3) | |
| Female | 210 (49.9) | 88 (55.0) | 122 (46.7) | |
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation) | 71 (16.9) | 22 (13.8) | 49 (18.8) | 0.229 |
| Low birth weight (<2.5 kg) | 28 (6.8) | 8 (5.2) | 20 (7.8) | 0.409 |
| Small for gestational age | 33 (8.1) | 14 (9.1) | 19 (7.5) | 0.687 |
| Child infections (all)d | 0.443 | |||
| No infections | 65 (15.6) | 25 (15.6) | 40 (15.6) | |
| ≤2 infections | 101 (24.2) | 44 (27.5) | 55 (22.2) | |
| >2 infections | 251 (60.2) | 91 (56.9) | 160 (62.3) | |
| Child malaria infectionse | 0.008 | |||
| No infections | 175 (42.1) | 75 (46.9) | 100 (39.1) | |
| 1 infection | 113 (27.2) | 50 (31.3) | 63 (24.6) | |
| >1 infection | 128 (30.8) | 35 (21.9) | 93 (36.3) | |
Data given as n (%) or median [interquartile range] of women with existing data for that variable. Proportion with missing data presented in S5 Table.
aMalaria negative defined as peripheral PCR negative throughout pregnancy and negative placental malaria (by histology and placental PCR). Malaria positive defined as any peripheral PCR-positive malaria and/or positive placental malaria (by histology and/or placental PCR).
bp-Value of chi-squared or Mann–Whitney U test comparing malaria negative and malaria positive.
cn = 91 women were positive for both antenatal malaria and placental malaria, which accounts for n > 421 for this variable. Those women were only counted once in the malaria positive column.
dNumber of infections (including malaria) reported in child’s health passport up to 24 months.
eNumber of malaria infections reported in child’s health passport up to 24 months.