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. 2021 Sep 28;18(9):e1003722. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003722

Table 5. Multivariable associations between serious injury type, country-level factors, and individual-level factors of risky behaviour, contextual factors, protective factors, and indicators of poor mental health.

 Variable Exposure level Broken bone or dislocated joint Cut or stab wound Concussion/head or neck injury, was knocked out, or could not breathe Gunshot wound Bad burn Poisoned or took too much of a drug Something else happened
OR 95% CI p-Value OR 95% CI p-Value OR 95% CI p-Value OR 95% CI p-Value OR 95% CI p-Value OR 95% CI p-Value OR 95% CI p-Value
Country-level factors
Income status Low 0.70 0.49–1.00 0.048 0.69 0.51–0.94 0.018 0.57 0.28–1.13 0.108 2.00 0.55–7.32 0.293 0.71 0.30–1.70 0.439 0.05 0.00–25660.19 0.646 0.52 0.34–0.80 0.003
Lower middle (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Upper middle 0.73 0.66–0.82 <0.001 2.62 1.71–4.02 <0.001 1.25 0.93–1.69 0.133 2.02 0.90–4.54 0.090 0.66 0.44–0.97 0.035 1.33 0.50–3.56 0.570 1.09 0.94–1.26 0.251
High 1.08 0.74–1.58 0.705 6.19 1.47–26.03 0.013 1.52 0.03–72.20 0.831 7.97 0.19–336.86 0.277 1.01 0.06–17.38 0.993 9.57 0.19–470.95 0.256 1.13 0.82–1.55 0.448
World region East Asia and Pacific (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
South Asia 0.63 0.41–0.95 0.026 13.88 6.14–31.39 <0.001 3.24 1.61–6.55 0.001 1.72 0.75–3.94 0.197 1.57 0.74–3.33 0.244 2.68 1.02–7.08 0.046 0.87 0.61–1.23 0.431
Latin America and Caribbean 0.99 0.84–1.17 0.935 0.55 0.41–0.75 <0.001 0.94 0.73–1.22 0.653 0.57 0.11–2.96 0.503 1.25 0.81–1.95 0.314 0.51 0.06–4.18 0.528 2.14 1.79–2.56 <0.001
Sub-Saharan Africa 1.34 1.03–1.73 0.028 6.26 3.48–11.25 <0.001 1.70 0.99–2.91 0.054 1.81 0.69–4.73 0.228 2.04 1.25–3.32 0.004 2.42 0.87–6.77 0.091 1.22 0.94–1.56 0.132
Demographic characteristics
Age ≤13 years (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
14 or 15 years 1.04 0.91–1.18 0.589 0.70 0.52–0.94 0.019 0.78 0.55–1.11 0.164 0.47 0.31–0.72 <0.001 0.89 0.62–1.28 0.525 0.58 0.33–1.01 0.054 0.95 0.79–1.14 0.563
≥16 years 0.84 0.73–0.98 0.024 0.65 0.49–0.87 0.004 0.72 0.51–1.01 0.055 0.63 0.37–1.07 0.090 0.77 0.53–1.10 0.152 0.96 0.42–2.18 0.917 0.92 0.76–1.11 0.369
Sex Male (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Female 0.44 0.36–0.56 <0.001 0.52 0.41–0.67 <0.001 0.73 0.57–0.94 0.014 0.57 0.39–0.85 0.005 0.63 0.44–0.89 0.008 0.85 0.51–1.42 0.545 0.63 0.53–0.74 <0.001
Markers of risky behaviour
Number of days smoked in the past 30 days 0 days (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1–5 days 1.53 1.27–1.83 <0.001 0.84 0.50–1.41 0.501 1.40 0.89–2.20 0.146 0.95 0.40–2.28 0.912 0.74 0.43–1.28 0.281 0.73 0.28–1.85 0.502 1.18 0.96–1.44 0.115
6–29 days 0.90 0.65–1.23 0.490 0.62 0.28–1.34 0.224 0.68 0.43–1.08 0.100 0.68 0.10–4.51 0.686 0.88 0.43–1.83 0.733 1.52 0.19–12.53 0.697 0.70 0.49–0.99 0.044
All 30 days 0.86 0.58–1.28 0.453 0.96 0.50–1.86 0.907 1.28 0.78–2.11 0.335 0.51 0.01–24.23 0.732 0.19 0.00–8039.8 0.760 3.58 0.04–319.76 0.578 1.05 0.70–1.58 0.825
Number of days of alcohol use in the past 30 days 0 days (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1–5 days 1.18 0.99–1.41 0.062 1.58 1.21–2.05 <0.001 1.43 1.09–1.87 0.011 1.09 0.56–2.11 0.802 1.54 1.09–2.17 0.013 1.81 0.88–3.72 0.110 1.24 1.03–1.50 0.022
6–29 days 1.10 0.75–1.60 0.621 1.21 0.59–2.50 0.603 1.05 0.62–1.77 0.853 1.97 0.36–10.77 0.436 1.67 0.22–12.77 0.619 1.43 0.13–15.70 0.770 1.18 0.93–1.49 0.186
All 30 days 1.33 0.74–2.41 0.343 1.19 0.24–5.82 0.829 0.31 0.00–8.686 × 105 0.878 1.66 0.02–163.30 0.828 0.37 0.00–0.643 × 1011 0.942 0.00 0.00–1.369 × 1013 0.529 1.00 0.45–2.22 0.997
Ever used drugs No (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Yes 1.73 1.37–2.18 <0.001 1.73 1.20–2.49 0.004 1.37 0.90–2.10 0.143 3.43 1.63–7.20 0.001 1.88 0.95–3.73 0.072 2.48 0.82–7.48 0.106 1.27 1.02–1.58 0.034
Physical activity in the past 7 days 0 days (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1 day 1.25 1.06–1.48 0.010 1.22 0.91–1.65 0.185 0.86 0.67–1.10 0.234 0.90 0.54–1.50 0.693 0.93 0.63–1.38 0.726 0.78 0.47–1.31 0.348 1.08 0.89–1.31 0.427
2 days 1.15 0.95–1.37 0.146 1.20 0.86–1.67 0.278 0.97 0.74–1.27 0.825 1.03 0.54–1.94 0.935 0.67 0.45–1.00 0.052 1.64 0.98–2.75 0.059 1.13 0.92–1.39 0.237
≥3 days 1.33 1.11–1.60 0.002 1.03 0.82–1.29 0.801 1.04 0.77–1.40 0.813 0.90 0.54–1.48 0.673 0.72 0.51–1.01 0.054 0.69 0.44–1.06 0.091 1.33 1.07–1.65 <0.006
Contextual factors
Went hungry in the past 30 days Never (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Rarely 1.08 0.91–1.29 0.357 1.37 0.84–2.23 0.214 1.28 0.91–1.82 0.162 0.90 0.54–1.50 0.691 0.94 0.69–1.29 0.703 0.66 0.36–1.21 0.179 1.21 1.05–1.39 0.010
Sometimes 1.15 0.96–1.38 0.126 1.38 1.04–1.82 0.025 1.24 0.88–1.76 0.216 0.81 0.51–1.30 0.383 1.15 0.74–1.79 0.534 0.55 0.36–0.86 0.008 1.30 1.08–1.56 0.006
Most of the time/always 1.30 0.99–1.71 0.058 1.45 0.97–2.17 0.070 1.43 0.94–2.19 0.098 1.22 0.64–2.34 0.544 1.54 0.88–2.70 0.135 0.78 0.37–1.64 0.515 1.40 1.08–1.81 0.010
Number of days bullied in the past 30 days 0 days (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1–5 days 1.81 1.47–2.24 <0.001 2.49 1.57–3.94 <0.001 2.49 1.39–4.46 0.002 2.13 1.25–3.60 0.005 2.60 1.41–4.82 0.002 2.11 1.15–3.86 0.016 2.05 1.61–2.61 <0.001
6–29 days 1.94 1.50–2.50 <0.001 2.67 1.38–5.16 0.004 2.66 1.60–4.43 <0.001 3.30 0.99–11.02 0.052 4.50 1.65–12.26 0.003 2.70 0.73–10.00 0.137 2.61 1.94–3.49 <0.001
All 30 days 1.52 1.13–2.04 0.005 1.53 0.82–2.85 0.180 2.37 1.11–5.06 0.026 8.33 1.74–39.96 0.008 2.10 0.87–5.05 0.099 3.98 0.71–22.22 0.115 1.96 1.36–2.81 <0.001
Felt lonely in the past 12 months Never (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Rarely 1.13 0.91–1.41 0.279 0.80 0.57–1.11 0.176 1.06 0.71–1.59 0.763 0.75 0.46–1.22 0.240 0.93 0.58–1.47 0.746 0.73 0.40–1.30 0.283 0.95 0.75–1.19 0.638
Sometimes 1.37 1.12–1.68 0.002 1.20 0.90–1.59 0.224 1.30 0.83–2.04 0.254 0.71 0.46–1.10 0.129 1.07 0.66–1.75 0.782 0.80 0.45–1.42 0.441 1.26 1.00–1.60 0.052
Most of the time/always 1.29 1.02–1.65 0.036 1.44 1.00–2.07 0.050 2.33 1.13–4.82 0.022 0.79 0.42–1.47 0.452 1.75 1.08–2.84 0.023 1.37 0.64–2.94 0.425 1.75 1.25–2.45 0.001
Protective factors
Number of close friends 0 (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1 0.99 0.73–1.35 0.943 0.95 0.66–1.36 0.777 0.77 0.35–1.66 0.499 1.13 0.01–154.04 0.962 1.17 0.49–2.83 0.720 1.66 0.01–368.86 0.855 0.81 0.55–1.18 0.262
2 0.89 0.63–1.26 0.497 1.00 0.71–1.40 0.996 0.87 0.40–1.87 0.716 1.11 0.01–136.96 0.965 0.80 0.27–2.35 0.686 1.67 0.01–319.13 0.849 0.77 0.55–1.09 0.143
3 or more 0.95 0.66–1.38 0.806 1.11 0.69–1.78 0.661 0.91 0.46–1.77 0.771 0.77 0.01–101.49 0.917 0.72 0.26–1.98 0.522 1.64 0.01–242.00 0.846 1.03 0.72–1.47 0.891
Parents or guardians understand problems and worries Never (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Rarely 1.03 0.85–1.23 0.794 0.87 0.62–1.22 0.427 0.92 0.63–1.36 0.685 0.87 0.55–1.37 0.551 0.98 0.55–1.72 0.933 1.01 0.59–1.71 0.980 1.14 0.90–1.44 0.268
Sometimes 1.07 0.88–1.30 0.489 0.85 0.62–1.17 0.319 0.81 0.55–1.17 0.262 0.69 0.42–1.13 0.142 1.18 0.75–1.83 0.475 0.97 0.52–1.81 0.913 0.98 0.79–1.22 0.851
Most of the time/always 1.11 0.91–1.37 0.310 0.93 0.68–1.29 0.675 0.82 0.60–1.13 0.222 0.56 0.34–0.93 0.026 1.09 0.70–1.70 0.695 1.13 0.64–1.98 0.678 1.06 0.84–1.33 0.633
Indicators of poor mental health
Considered or planned suicide No (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Yes 1.15 0.98–1.34 0.081 1.10 0.81–1.49 0.533 1.12 0.79–1.58 0.532 1.25 0.78–2.00 0.348 0.89 0.55–1.44 0.637 1.28 0.76–2.15 0.364 1.05 0.89–1.24 0.590
Attempted suicide No (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Yes 1.33 1.07–1.64 0.009 1.60 1.12–2.27 0.009 2.20 1.49–3.25 <0.001 1.60 1.04–2.47 0.034 1.34 0.84–2.15 0.218 2.17 1.16–4.06 0.016 1.26 1.05–1.51 0.012
Too worried to sleep Never (ref) — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Rarely 1.01 0.84–1.21 0.947 0.96 0.69–1.32 0.778 1.00 0.79–1.27 0.987 0.73 0.40–1.34 0.312 1.46 0.80–2.67 0.223 0.63 0.37–1.09 0.099 1.35 1.04–1.74 0.023
Sometimes 1.41 1.15–1.74 0.001 1.12 0.89–1.41 0.335 1.53 1.05–2.22 0.026 1.28 0.68–2.44 0.446 2.30 1.03–5.15 0.043 1.10 0.63–1.92 0.730 1.82 1.44–2.30 <0.001
Most of the time/always 1.40 1.17–1.68 <0.001 1.03 0.76–1.40 0.843 1.90 1.18–3.08 0.009 1.73 0.77–3.90 0.184 1.78 0.87–3.63 0.116 1.16 0.51–2.66 0.723 2.03 1.54–2.67 <0.001

The model is not adjusted for aggressive behaviour indicators. Adjustment for non-response was done as detailed in Methods. OR, odds ratio.