Table 6. Multivariable associations between injury mechanism, country-level factors, and individual-level factors of risky behaviour, contextual factors, protective factors, and indicators of poor mental health.
| Motor vehicle accident or hit by a motor vehicle | Fell | Something fell on me or hit me | Attacked or abused or fighting with someone | Fire or too near a flame or something hot | Inhaled or swallowed something bad for me | Something else caused my injury | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
| Country-level factors | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income status | Low | 1.04 | 0.69–1.56 | 0.852 | 0.49 | 0.35–0.69 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 0.03–1.21 | 0.077 | 0.85 | 0.35–2.07 | 0.722 | 0.45 | 0.04–5.18 | 0.522 | 1.71 | 0.72–4.05 | 0.222 | 0.20 | 0.09–0.42 | <0.001 |
| Lower middle (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Upper middle | 1.09 | 0.85–1.40 | 0.490 | 1.08 | 0.93–1.25 | 0.339 | 1.10 | 0.90–1.34 | 0.365 | 0.96 | 0.73–1.27 | 0.776 | 0.83 | 0.54–1.28 | 0.404 | 0.83 | 0.52–1.31 | 0.411 | 1.44 | 1.12–1.85 | 0.005 | |
| High | 0.00 | 0.00–3.2765 × 1018 | 0.719 | 0.79 | 0.43–1.43 | 0.430 | 0.91 | 0.01–115.91 | 0.970 | 0.11 | 0.00–540.08 | 0.610 | 0.39 | 0.00–216.20 | 0.768 | 0.58 | 0.02–18.15 | 0.757 | 1.66 | 0.93–2.96 | 0.088 | |
| World region | East Asia and Pacific (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Latin America and Caribbean | 0.39 | 0.24–0.64 | <0.001 | 1.74 | 1.41–2.15 | <0.001 | 0.93 | 0.69–1.25 | 0.639 | 0.91 | 0.60–1.39 | 0.668 | 1.21 | 0.60–2.45 | 0.601 | 0.78 | 0.38–1.60 | 0.505 | 2.01 | 1.61–2.50 | <0.001 | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 1.02 | 0.71–1.46 | 0.921 | 1.79 | 1.33–2.42 | <0.001 | 3.89 | 2.10–7.19 | <0.001 | 2.20 | 1.29–3.74 | 0.004 | 4.34 | 1.96–9.62 | <0.001 | 2.50 | 1.28–4.89 | 0.008 | 2.79 | 1.74–4.48 | <0.001 | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Age | ≤13 years (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 14 or 15 years | 1.36 | 0.91–2.04 | 0.139 | 0.84 | 0.72–0.98 | 0.028 | 1.11 | 0.78–1.57 | 0.569 | 1.11 | 0.78–1.57 | 0.574 | 0.93 | 0.60–1.46 | 0.761 | 0.85 | 0.56–1.30 | 0.457 | 1.06 | 0.80–1.40 | 0.696 | |
| ≥16 years | 1.33 | 0.93–1.89 | 0.119 | 0.61 | 0.50–0.74 | <0.001 | 0.79 | 0.62–0.99 | 0.044 | 0.78 | 0.56–1.07 | 0.125 | 0.64 | 0.40–1.00 | 0.051 | 0.78 | 0.55–1.13 | 0.189 | 1.09 | 0.86–1.37 | 0.491 | |
| Sex | Male (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Female | 0.51 | 0.36–0.72 | <0.001 | 0.64 | 0.55–0.73 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0.50–0.79 | <0.001 | 0.48 | 0.37–0.62 | <0.001 | 0.94 | 0.67–1.32 | 0.726 | 0.83 | 0.60–1.15 | 0.260 | 0.63 | 0.52–0.76 | <0.001 | |
| Markers of risky behaviour | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of days smoked in the past 30 days | 0 days (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1–5 days | 2.40 | 1.64–3.51 | <0.001 | 1.54 | 1.22–1.95 | <0.001 | 1.09 | 0.78–1.52 | 0.634 | 2.43 | 1.48–3.99 | <0.001 | 2.20 | 0.97–5.03 | 0.060 | 1.20 | 0.66–2.16 | 0.555 | 1.24 | 0.98–1.58 | 0.078 | |
| 6–29 days | 1.94 | 1.28–2.94 | 0.002 | 1.15 | 0.75–1.77 | 0.517 | 1.14 | 0.68–1.91 | 0.630 | 1.53 | 0.86–2.71 | 0.149 | 1.83 | 0.44–7.60 | 0.404 | 1.97 | 0.68–5.69 | 0.209 | 0.88 | 0.55–1.40 | 0.579 | |
| All 30 days | 1.71 | 1.14–2.55 | 0.009 | 0.95 | 0.64–1.39 | 0.773 | 0.74 | 0.36–1.50 | 0.400 | 2.34 | 1.14–4.81 | 0.021 | 0.88 | 0.02–36.06 | 0.947 | 0.62 | 0.05–8.08 | 0.715 | 0.98 | 0.50–1.93 | 0.950 | |
| Number of days of alcohol use in the past 30 days | 0 days (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1–5 days | 1.39 | 1.07–1.81 | 0.015 | 0.99 | 0.81–1.22 | 0.916 | 1.35 | 0.95–1.92 | 0.098 | 2.26 | 1.35–3.80 | 0.002 | 1.14 | 0.65–1.99 | 0.646 | 1.53 | 1.00–2.34 | 0.052 | 1.27 | 1.01–1.59 | 0.022 | |
| 6–29 days | 1.19 | 0.71–1.97 | 0.513 | 0.89 | 0.64–1.25 | 0.493 | 1.60 | 0.77–3.32 | 0.205 | 2.12 | 1.23–3.68 | 0.007 | 0.88 | 0.00–332.47 | 0.966 | 1.66 | 0.52–5.26 | 0.393 | 1.33 | 0.95–1.86 | 0.186 | |
| All 30 days | 1.33 | 0.13–13.35 | 0.807 | 0.66 | 0.01–36.03 | 0.838 | 1.63 | 0.14–19.10 | 0.698 | 1.26 | 0.02–79.95 | 0.913 | 0.00 | 0.00–8.220 × 1029 | 0.685 | 0.00 | 0.00–4.636 × 1029 | 0.748 | 1.45 | 0.22–9.43 | 0.997 | |
| Ever used drugs | No (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 1.52 | 1.11–2.08 | 0.010 | 1.20 | 0.82–1.74 | 0.348 | 1.88 | 1.18–3.00 | 0.008 | 2.11 | 1.31–3.41 | 0.002 | 1.64 | 0.79–3.39 | 0.184 | 1.14 | 0.56–2.32 | 0.723 | 1.18 | 0.83–1.68 | 0.367 | |
| Physical activity in the past 7 days | 0 days (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1 day | 1.25 | 0.94–1.66 | 0.132 | 1.24 | 1.00–1.53 | 0.049 | 1.14 | 0.88–1.48 | 0.319 | 1.10 | 0.82–1.48 | 0.516 | 1.00 | 0.61–1.66 | 0.988 | 1.08 | 0.70–1.68 | 0.722 | 1.28 | 0.88–1.86 | 0.193 | |
| 2 days | 1.14 | 0.86–1.52 | 0.356 | 1.20 | 0.98–1.48 | 0.077 | 1.04 | 0.71–1.52 | 0.842 | 0.80 | 0.51–1.27 | 0.348 | 1.02 | 0.56–1.85 | 0.949 | 1.06 | 0.66–1.72 | 0.803 | 1.28 | 1.00–1.65 | 0.055 | |
| ≥3 days | 1.41 | 0.95–2.09 | 0.088 | 1.47 | 1.18–1.83 | 0.001 | 1.32 | 0.89–1.95 | 0.171 | 0.96 | 0.68–1.37 | 0.830 | 1.05 | 0.66–1.67 | 0.829 | 1.15 | 0.79–1.68 | 0.476 | 1.91 | 1.42–2.56 | <0.001 | |
| Contextual factors | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Went hungry in the past 30 days | Never (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Rarely | 0.96 | 0.75–1.21 | 0.702 | 1.17 | 0.91–1.49 | 0.229 | 1.31 | 0.92–1.86 | 0.135 | 1.28 | 0.86–1.91 | 0.228 | 0.87 | 0.58–1.29 | 0.476 | 0.93 | 0.59–1.48 | 0.768 | 1.46 | 1.21–1.77 | <0.001 | |
| Sometimes | 1.17 | 0.97–1.42 | 0.107 | 1.42 | 1.18–1.72 | <0.001 | 1.46 | 1.03–2.08 | 0.034 | 1.57 | 1.04–2.38 | 0.031 | 1.36 | 0.94–1.98 | 0.107 | 1.21 | 0.85–1.73 | 0.280 | 1.24 | 0.95–1.63 | 0.109 | |
| Most of the time/always | 1.16 | 0.85–1.56 | 0.350 | 1.74 | 1.29–2.35 | <0.001 | 2.08 | 1.29–3.35 | 0.003 | 1.66 | 0.99–2.80 | 0.056 | 1.67 | 0.88–3.18 | 0.117 | 1.88 | 1.13–3.13 | 0.016 | 1.27 | 0.91–1.78 | 0.157 | |
| Number of days bullied in the past 30 days | 0 days (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1–5 days | 2.00 | 1.35–2.94 | <0.001 | 2.25 | 1.72–2.95 | <0.001 | 2.71 | 1.43–5.13 | 0.002 | 2.57 | 1.47–4.48 | 0.001 | 1.70 | 1.16–2.49 | 0.007 | 2.41 | 1.69–3.43 | <0.001 | 2.10 | 1.56–2.82 | <0.001 | |
| 6–29 days | 1.85 | 1.28–2.68 | 0.001 | 2.21 | 1.55–3.13 | <0.001 | 3.87 | 2.06–7.29 | <0.001 | 2.71 | 1.38–5.32 | 0.004 | 2.75 | 1.25–6.07 | 0.012 | 1.69 | 0.77–3.72 | 0.192 | 2.41 | 1.62–3.59 | <0.001 | |
| All 30 days | 2.02 | 1.14–3.56 | 0.016 | 1.76 | 1.10–2.83 | 0.019 | 2.27 | 1.09–4.74 | 0.029 | 3.84 | 1.35–10.90 | 0.012 | 2.60 | 0.52–12.92 | 0.243 | 3.64 | 1.23–10.80 | 0.020 | 2.41 | 1.59–3.67 | <0.001 | |
| Felt lonely in the past 12 months | Never (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Rarely | 1.02 | 0.80–1.31 | 0.845 | 0.97 | 0.78–1.21 | 0.767 | 1.06 | 0.74–1.50 | 0.760 | 1.17 | 0.74–1.86 | 0.496 | 1.44 | 0.81–2.56 | 0.214 | 0.87 | 0.59–1.29 | 0.492 | 1.27 | 0.95–1.71 | 0.112 | |
| Sometimes | 1.12 | 0.87–1.45 | 0.374 | 1.07 | 0.89–1.29 | 0.448 | 1.42 | 0.91–2.22 | 0.120 | 1.46 | 0.90–2.39 | 0.129 | 1.33 | 0.77–2.29 | 0.309 | 1.26 | 0.85–1.87 | 0.257 | 1.41 | 0.98–2.04 | 0.063 | |
| Most of the time/always | 1.13 | 0.82–1.56 | 0.446 | 1.06 | 0.87–1.29 | 0.568 | 1.68 | 1.01–2.81 | 0.047 | 2.11 | 1.32–3.38 | 0.002 | 1.09 | 0.48–2.48 | 0.830 | 1.60 | 1.04–2.49 | 0.034 | 2.20 | 1.46–3.31 | <0.001 | |
| Protective factors | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of close friends | 0 (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1 | 1.35 | 0.76–2.39 | 0.312 | 0.94 | 0.67–1.32 | 0.705 | 1.10 | 0.60–2.04 | 0.757 | 1.30 | 0.37–4.65 | 0.684 | 1.41 | 0.04–49.69 | 0.850 | 1.54 | 0.06–42.31 | 0.797 | 0.91 | 0.48–1.72 | 0.780 | |
| 2 | 1.12 | 0.62–1.99 | 0.713 | 0.87 | 0.61–1.24 | 0.438 | 1.03 | 0.56–1.90 | 0.919 | 0.86 | 0.25–3.03 | 0.816 | 1.43 | 0.03–60.81 | 0.851 | 1.25 | 0.05–32.80 | 0.893 | 0.90 | 0.52–1.53 | 0.683 | |
| 3 or more | 1.02 | 0.55–1.92 | 0.947 | 0.99 | 0.72–1.36 | 0.961 | 1.17 | 0.59–2.33 | 0.656 | 1.31 | 0.45–3.82 | 0.620 | 1.04 | 0.03–37.93 | 0.982 | 1.34 | 0.05–34.76 | 0.859 | 1.13 | 0.62–2.08 | 0.686 | |
| Parents or guardians understand problems and worries | Never (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Rarely | 1.13 | 0.85–1.49 | 0.393 | 1.16 | 0.92–1.48 | 0.215 | 0.94 | 0.70–1.26 | 0.683 | 0.84 | 0.61–1.17 | 0.306 | 1.17 | 0.62–2.19 | 0.628 | 0.93 | 0.55–1.57 | 0.778 | 1.16 | 0.93–1.44 | 0.187 | |
| Sometimes | 1.20 | 0.89–1.62 | 0.226 | 1.32 | 1.07–1.64 | 0.011 | 0.98 | 0.76–1.27 | 0.874 | 0.87 | 0.58–1.31 | 0.512 | 1.08 | 0.56–2.08 | 0.815 | 1.27 | 0.76–2.12 | 0.354 | 1.17 | 0.96–1.42 | 0.127 | |
| Most of the time/always | 1.21 | 0.93–1.56 | 0.153 | 1.36 | 1.02–1.82 | 0.038 | 1.05 | 0.77–1.44 | 0.744 | 0.86 | 0.59–1.24 | 0.414 | 1.01 | 0.52–1.99 | 0.968 | 1.15 | 0.69–1.92 | 0.603 | 1.16 | 0.86–1.56 | 0.324 | |
| Indicators of poor mental health | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Considered or planned suicide | No (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 1.32 | 0.92–1.87 | 0.128 | 1.15 | 0.95–1.40 | 0.144 | 1.15 | 0.86–1.54 | 0.347 | 1.50 | 1.02–2.19 | 0.038 | 1.08 | 0.73–1.60 | 0.697 | 1.44 | 0.98–2.11 | 0.066 | 1.06 | 0.81–1.38 | 0.668 | |
| Attempted suicide | No (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 1.79 | 1.15–2.80 | 0.010 | 1.28 | 1.02–1.61 | 0.032 | 1.72 | 1.23–2.42 | 0.002 | 1.47 | 1.00–2.16 | 0.047 | 1.31 | 0.87–2.00 | 0.200 | 1.29 | 0.88–1.91 | 0.197 | 1.25 | 1.00–1.56 | 0.051 | |
| Too worried to sleep | Never (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Rarely | 1.21 | 0.86–1.68 | 0.273 | 1.17 | 0.92–1.50 | 0.199 | 1.53 | 0.82–2.85 | 0.179 | 1.91 | 1.02–3.60 | 0.044 | 0.85 | 0.54–1.35 | 0.496 | 1.41 | 0.89–2.23 | 0.141 | 1.54 | 1.14–2.09 | 0.005 | |
| Sometimes | 1.56 | 1.11–2.20 | 0.010 | 1.68 | 1.37–2.06 | <0.001 | 1.74 | 0.95–3.20 | 0.075 | 1.92 | 0.98–3.76 | 0.059 | 1.43 | 0.93–2.19 | 0.100 | 1.52 | 1.05–2.20 | 0.027 | 1.52 | 1.09–2.13 | 0.014 | |
| Most of the time/always | 1.80 | 1.20–2.69 | 0.004 | 1.98 | 1.37–2.86 | <0.001 | 2.18 | 1.12–4.28 | 0.023 | 3.33 | 1.57–7.09 | 0.002 | 2.23 | 1.10–4.52 | 0.027 | 1.84 | 1.06–3.21 | 0.031 | 2.02 | 1.37–2.95 | <0.001 | |
The model does not adjust for aggressive behaviour indicators. Adjustment for non-response was done as detailed in Methods. OR, odds ratio.