Table 2.
Cox regression for DR development with clinical characteristics. †Model 1: univariate cox regression. ‡Model 2: age and sex were adjusted by each other; all other variables were adjusted by age and sex. §Model 3: all variables were entered into this multivariate regression analysis model. The outcomes of Cox regressions were expressed as HRs, 95% CI, and P value. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01. DR: diabetic retinopathy; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; Scr: serum creatinine; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; TP: total protein; ALB: serum albumin; HGB: hemoglobin; HCT: hematocrit; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TRIG, triglyceride.
| Characteristics | †Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95%Cl) | P value | HR (95%Cl) | P value | HR (95%Cl) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 1.036 (0.997−1.077) | 0.067 | 1.041 (1.001−1.082) | 0.043∗ | 1.068 (1.021−1.118) | 0.005∗∗ |
| Sex (female) | 0.601 (0.289−1.249) | 0.173 | 0.544 (0.260−1.139) | 0.107 | 1.058 (0.349−3.209) | 0.920 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 1.058 (0.993−1.127) | 0.080 | 1.046 (0.982−1.114) | 0.163 | 1.094 (1.018−1.177) | 0.015∗ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.992 (0.893−1.103) | 0.886 | 1.005 (0.897−1.126) | 0.929 | 0.988 (0.867−1.126) | 0.856 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 1.008 (0.988−1.029) | 0.429 | 1.006 (0.986−1.025) | 0.572 | 1.007 (0.984−1.031) | 0.564 |
| HbA1c (%) | 1.297 (1.129−1.489) | <0.001∗∗ | 1.406 (1.206−1.640) | <0.001∗∗ | 1.411 (1.113−1.788) | 0.004∗∗ |
| Albuminuria (+~+++) | 4.804 (1.789−12.895) | 0.002∗∗ | 4.952 (1.826−13.430) | 0.002∗∗ | 6.908 (1.794−26.599) | 0.005∗∗ |
| Scr (mg/dL) | 1.013 (1.005−1.021) | 0.002∗∗ | 1.011 (1.001−1.020) | 0.022∗ | 1.003 (0.990−1.016) | 0.634 |
| TP (g/L) | 0.969 (0.917−1.024) | 0.263 | 0.967 (0.915−1.022) | 0.232 | 1.000 (0.926−1.080) | 0.993 |
| ALB (g/L) | 0.889 (0.821−0.962) | 0.004∗∗ | 0.875 (0.805−0.952) | 0.002∗∗ | 0.895 (0.768−1.044) | 0.157 |
| HGB (g/dL) | 1.012 (0.990−1.034) | 0.281 | 1.010 (0.984−1.037) | 0.445 | 1.067 (0.965−1.179) | 0.205 |
| HCT (%) | 1.038 (0.958−1.125) | 0.358 | 1.022 (0.929−1.123) | 0.658 | 0.890 (0.625−1.268) | 0.520 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 1.126 (1.047−1.211) | 0.001∗∗ | 1.133 (1.058−1.213) | <0.001∗∗ | 1.038 (0.931−1.158) | 0.500 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 0.796 (0.532−1.191) | 0.267 | 0.903 (0.591−1.380) | 0.637 | 0.738 (0.327−1.668) | 0.465 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 0.725 (0.450−1.169) | 0.187 | 0.818 (0.501−1.338) | 0.424 | 0.727 (0.296−1.787) | 0.487 |
| TRIG (mg/dL) | 1.371 (1.058−1.778) | 0.017∗ | 1.488 (1.125−1.969) | 0.005∗∗ | 1.554 (1.037−2.330) | 0.033∗ |