Table 1.
General characteristics and clinical features of the study population.
| Variables | Control (n = 69) | DM (n = 69) | DR (n = 69) | p value |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Male, n (%) | 53(76·81) | 38(55·07) | 36(52·17) | 0·01 a |
| Age, years | 56·0(54·0,62·0) | 53·0(48·0,61·0) | 56·0(51·0,65·0) | 0·01 b |
| Research centre, n (%) | <0·0001a | |||
| Wenzhou | 100(100·00) | 36(52·17) | 48(69·57) | |
| Hefei | 0(0·00) | 33(47·83) | 21(30·43) | |
| Hypertension history, n (%) | 0·13 a | |||
| No | 50(72·46) | 36(52·17) | 29(42·03) | |
| Yes | 19(27·54) | 33(47·83) | 40(57·97) | |
| Diabetes duration, years | NA | 8·0(4·0,13·0) | 12·0(8·0,17·0) | 0·01 c |
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 0·56 a | |||
| No | NA | 58(84·06) | 53(76·81) | |
| Yes | NA | 8(11·59) | 12(17·39) | |
| Missing | NA | 3(4·35) | 4(5·80) | |
| Ever insulin therapy, n (%) | 0·17 a | |||
| No | NA | 46(66·67) | 55(79·71) | |
| Yes | NA | 19(27·54) | 10(14·49) | |
| Missing | NA | 4(5·80) | 4(5·80) | |
| Anthropometric Examination | ||||
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 24·47(23·36,26·73) | 23·91(22·22,26·40) | 24·10(22·41,26·64) | 0·52 b |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | NA | 124(118,139) | 135(122,148) | 0·01 c |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | NA | 79(74,86) | 76(70,85) | 0·20 c |
| Biological measurements | ||||
| Glycated haemoglobin,% | 5·70(5·40,6·05) | 9·90(8·30,11·80) | 9·80(8·90,10·90) | <0·0001 b |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5·39(5·11,6·06) | 8·35(6·92,12·00) | 8·50(6·31,10·17) | <0·0001 b |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1·95(1·48,2·99) | 1·61(1·04,2·17) | 1·39(1·03,1·86) | <0·0001 b |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5·00 ± 0·93 | 4·72 ± 1·14 | 4·51 ± 1·40 | 0·05 d |
| Low density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 2·82 ± 0·78 | 2·65 ± 1·00 | 2·55 ± 1·07 | 0·25 d |
| High density lipoprotein, mmol/L | 1·09(0·98,1·26) | 1·02(0·80,1·34) | 1·09(0·86,1·32) | 0·20 b |
Control: healthy control; DM: type 2 diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy; DR: type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy; NA: not applicable.
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation for normal or similar normal distributed variables, number (percentage) for categorical variables, or median (25th,75th percentiles) for variables having skewed distribution.
a
p values were derived from Chi-Square tests.
b
p values for Kruskal-Wallis H tests.
c
p values for Mann–Whitney U tests.
d
p values for F tests (ANOVA).