Table 5:
Frequencies of various neurodevelopmental outcomes by cranial ultrasound finding
| Outcome | Ultrasound findings % (Ns) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neither IVH nor WMD | Isolated IVH | Isolated WMD | IVH and WMD | |
| Neurologic/cognitive outcomes | ||||
| Cognitive function | ||||
| Normal | 37 (235) | 33 (41) | 17 (5) | 13 (8) |
| Low-normal | 43 (269) | 41 (50) | 34 (10) | 30 (18) |
| Moderate impairment | 15 (93) | 20 (24) | 24 (7) | 28 (17) |
| Severe impairment | 6 (35) | 6 (7) | 24 (7) | 30 (18) |
| Cerebral palsy | 6 (37) | 7 (9) | 47 (14) | 51 (32) |
| GMFCS > 0 | 2 (13) | 3 (4) | 33 (10) | 25 (16) |
| Epilepsy | 4 (25) | 9 (11) | 27 (8) | 19 (12) |
| Neuropsychiatric/neurobehavioral outcomes | ||||
| Pediatric quality of life < 70 | 20 (131) | 25 (41) | 40 (12) | 49 (31) |
| Autism spectrum disorder | 7 (42) | 9 (11) | 7 (2) | 6 (4) |
| SRS ≥ 65 among children with IQ > 85, excluding those with ASD | 10 (62) | 11 (14) | 13 (4) | 8 (5) |
| ADHD medication use | 15 (96) | 25 (3) | 7 (2) | 19 (12) |
| ADHD† | 15 (97) | 25 (31) | 10 (3) | 24 (13) |
| Anxiety | ||||
| (parent report) | 15 (98) | 8 (10) | 10 (3) | 10 (6) |
| (teacher report) | 14 (88) | 11 (14) | 10 (3) | 19 (12) |
| Depression | ||||
| 16 (100) | 11 (14) | 23 (7) | 11 (7) | |
| (teacher report) | 15 (96) | 15 (18) | 23 (7) | 32 (20) |
| Composite neurodevelopmental burden | ||||
| No cognitive impairment, CP, ASD, or epilepsy | 76 (487) | 69 (86) | 40 (12) | 38 (24) |
| No cognitive impairment; one or more of CP, ASD, or epilepsy | 4 (26) | 6 (7) | 13 (4) | 6 (4) |
| Cognitive impairment | 20 (128) | 25 (31) | 47 (14) | 56 (35) |
| Maximum Column Total | 641 | 124 | 30 | 63 |
Abbreviations: ASD- autism spectrum disorder; CP- cerebral palsy; GMFCS- gross motor function classification system; IVH- intraventricular hemorrhage; SRS- social responsiveness scale; WMD- white matter damage, defined as cerebral echolucency or late moderate-to-severe ventriculomegaly
Cognitive function group derived from latent profile analysis, using scores on 9 variables measuring verbal and nonverbal IQ (DAS-II Verbal and Nonverbal Reasoning scales), working memory (DAS-II Recall of Digits Backwards, Recall Sequential Order), concept generation and mental flexibility (NEPSY-II Animal Sorting), auditory attention and set switching (NEPSY-II Auditory Attention, Response Set), and simple inhibition and inhibition shifting (NEPSY-II Inhibition Inhibition and Inhibition Switching). Sample sizes for cognitive function for each ultrasound finding were: Neither IVH nor WMD- 632; Isolated IVH- 122; Isolated WMD- 29; IVH and WMD- 61
ADHD defined as at least two of the following: screen positive for ADHD on the parent-reported Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4), screen positive on the teacher-reported CSI-4, and physician diagnosis of ADHD, as reported by the parent