Table 2.
Two rainy seasons: comparison of the crossover and parallel designs.
| Bias | Coverage | Power | Type 1 error | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Two-year parallel design | ||||
| MM 1: PL (IL9) | −0.0018 | 93.10 | 99.10 | 7.92 |
| MM 1: PLKR (IL11) | −0.0018 | 93.10 | 98.60 | 4.91 |
| MM 1: Laplace (IL10) | −0.0025 | 91.10 | 99.40 | 10.10 |
| MM 1: AGQ-10 (IL12) | −0.0025 | 91.10 | 99.40 | 10.10 |
| MM 2: PL (IL17) | −0.0017 | 92.88 | 99.08 | 7.76 |
| MM 2: PLKR (IL18) | −0.0017 | 92.88 | 98.58 | 4.59 |
| GEE: Model-based SE (IL13) | −0.0027 | 92.96 | 98.39 | 5.25 |
| GEE: Empirical SE (IL14) | −0.0027 | 90.95 | 98.59 | 7.77 |
| GEE: MBN correction (IL15) | −0.0027 | 95.68 | 94.87 | 2.52 |
| GEE: FG correction (IL16) | −0.0025 | 93.16 | 97.28 | 4.74 |
| Cluster level: Treatment + Time (CL7) | −0.0030 | 89.80 | 99.70 | 16.40 |
| Cluster level: Weighted treatment + Time (CL8) | −0.0040 | 86.60 | 99.50 | 17.10 |
| Cluster level: Unweighted t-test (CL5) | −0.0030 | 94.70 | 97.50 | 4.70 |
| Cluster level: Adjusted residual (CL6) | 0.0050 | 94.00 | 98.20 | 5.20 |
| Two-year crossover design | ||||
| MM 3: PL (IL19) | 0.0049 | 97.27 | 100.00 | 2.46 |
| MM 3: PLKR (IL21) | 0.0049 | 97.47 | 93.02 | 0.92 |
| MM 3: Laplace (IL20) | 0.0071 | 95.00 | 100.00 | 5.20 |
| MM 3: AGQ-10 (IL22) | 0.0071 | 95.00 | 100.00 | 5.20 |
| MM 4: PL (IL27) | 0.0061 | 97.37 | 100.00 | 2.37 |
| MM 4: PLKR (IL28) | 0.0061 | 97.47 | 100.00 | 1.86 |
| GEE: Model-based SE (IL23) | 0.0051 | 96.36 | 100.00 | 1.82 |
| GEE: Empirical SE (IL24) | 0.0051 | 88.54 | 100.00 | 9.09 |
| GEE: MBN correction (IL25) | 0.0051 | 96.57 | 100.00 | 2.03 |
| GEE: FG correction (IL26) | 0.0052 | 90.16 | 100.00 | 7.39 |
| Cluster level: Treatment + Time + Fixed cluster (CL9) | −0.0030 | 90.90 | 100.00 | 5.80 |
PL: pseudo-likelihood; PLKR: pseudo-likelihood Kenward–Roger correction; AGQ-10:: Adaptive Gaussian Quadrature with 10 quadrature points; GEE: generalized estimating equation; SE: standard error; MBN: Morel, Bokossa, and Neerchal; FG: Fay and Graubard.
Bias, coverage, power, and Type I error rate for 2-year, 14-cluster, crossover, and parallel designs. These models were simulated from an assumed village random effect variance of 0.05. Mixed-effects model 1 (MM1): Time modeled as fixed, random effect for cluster; Mixed-effects model 2 (MM2): Random effects for cluster and cluster-period; Mixed-effects model 3 (MM3): Cluster modeled as fixed effect, random effect for cluster-period; Mixed-effects model 4 (MM4): Random effects for cluster and cluster-period. Labels in the parentheses (e.g. (IL9)) are meant to direct the reader to model descriptions in the text and code in the supplementary material.