Table 4.
Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for childhood ALL associations with 14 insecticidesa and one synergistb measured in house-dust from homes of 252 childhood ALL cases and 306 controls in the California Childhood Leukemia Study, 2001–2007
| Insecticide Concentration (ng/g) | Number of cases | Number of controls | Model 1 (minimally adjusted) OR (95% CI)c | Model 2 (fully adjusted) OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insecticides with <40% detection | ||||
| Allethrin | ||||
| Non-detect | 234 | 283 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Detect | 17 | 23 | 0.80 (0.41–1.56) | 0.89 (0.44–1.79)d |
| Azinphos methyl | ||||
| Non-detect | 230 | 285 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Detect | 21 | 21 | 1.26 (0.67–2.39) | 1.25 (0.64–2.43)e |
| Deltamethrin | ||||
| Non-detect | 220 | 269 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Detect | 31 | 37 | 1.03 (0.61–1.73) | 0.96 (0.56–1.66)e |
| Heptachlor | ||||
| Non-detect | 238 | 292 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Detect | 13 | 14 | 1.10 (0.50–2.42) | 1.19 (0.53–2.69)e |
| Malathion | ||||
| Non-detect | 232 | 277 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Detect | 19 | 29 | 0.83 (0.44–1.52) | 0.73 (0.39–1.39)e |
| Tetramethrin | ||||
| Non-detect | 223 | 263 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Detect | 28 | 43 | 0.73 (0.44–1.22) | 0.70 (0.41–1.21)e |
| Cyfluthrin | ||||
| Non-detect | 188 | 226 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| ≤ 501.2 ng/g | 37 | 40 | 1.20 (0.73–1.99) | 1.13 (0.67–1.90) |
| > 501.2 ng/g | 26 | 40 | 0.82 (0.48–1.41) | 0.91 (0.52–1.60)e |
| Phosmet | ||||
| Non-detect | 185 | 222 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| ≤ 19.0 ng/g | 30 | 42 | 0.88 (0.52–1.47) | 1.10 (0.63–1.86) |
| > 19.0 ng/g | 36 | 42 | 0.99 (0.60–1.62) | 1.12 (0.67–1.89)e |
| Insecticides with 40% to <60% detection | ||||
| Cypermethrin | ||||
| Non-detect | 134 | 154 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| T1 ≤ 323.5 ng/g | 36 | 51 | 0.85 (0.52–1.39) | 0.81 (0.49–1.35) |
| T2 323.6 ng/g to 897.2 ng/g | 35 | 50 | 0.76 (0.46–1.26) | 0.68 (0.40–1.16) |
| T3 > 897.2 ng/g | 46 | 51 | 1.03 (0.64–1.64) | 0.89 (0.54–1.44)f |
| p-value for trend | 0.84 | 0.70 | ||
| Insecticides with ≥60% detection | ||||
| Carbaryl | ||||
| Non-detect | 88 | 92 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q1 ≤14.8 ng/g | 61 | 54 | 1.16 (0.72–1.88) | 1.14 (0.68–1.89) |
| Q2 > 14.8 ng/g to 34.9 ng/g | 46 | 53 | 0.93 (0.57–1.54) | 0.81 (0.47–1.39) |
| Q3 > 34.9 ng/g to 108.2 ng/g | 27 | 54 | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) | 0.49 (0.27–0.89) |
| Q4 >108.2 ng/g | 29 | 53 | 0.57 (0.33–0.98) | 0.61 (0.34–1.08)e |
| p-value for trend | 0.02 | 0.06 | ||
| Propoxur | ||||
| Non-detect | 84 | 99 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q1 ≤8.3 ng/g | 35 | 52 | 0.82 (0.48–1.38) | 0.65 (0.37–1.14) |
| Q2 > 8.3 ng/g to 21.9 ng/g | 51 | 51 | 1.20 (0.73–1.97) | 0.96 (0.57–1.62) |
| Q3 > 21.9 ng/g to 55.1 ng/g | 40 | 52 | 0.83 (0.49–1.39) | 0.63 (0.36–1.10) |
| Q4 >55.1 ng/g | 41 | 51 | 0.95 (0.57–1.59) | 0.66 (0.37–1.17)e |
| p-value for trend | 0.86 | 0.25 | ||
| Chlorpyrifos | ||||
| Q1 (≤ 12.6 ng/g includes non-detects) | 75 | 77 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 > 12.6 ng/g to 28.6 ng/g | 56 | 76 | 0.75 (0.47–1.21) | 0.68 (0.41–1.12) |
| Q3 > 28.6 ng/g to 72.4 ng/g | 60 | 77 | 0.77 (0.48–1.23) | 0.64 (0.39–1.07) |
| Q4 > 72.4 ng/g | 60 | 76 | 0.76 (0.47–1.22) | 0.60 (0.36–1.00)e |
| p-value for trend | 0.48 | 0.16 | ||
| Diazinon | ||||
| Q1 (≤ 3.2 ng/g includes non-detects) | 75 | 77 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 > 3.2 ng/g to 9.3 ng/g | 50 | 76 | 0.66 (0.41–1.08) | 0.54 (0.32–0.89) |
| Q3 > 9.3 ng/g to 28.9 ng/g | 66 | 77 | 0.81 (0.51–1.30) | 0.58 (0.35–0.97) |
| Q4 > 28.9 ng/g | 60 | 76 | 0.79 (0.50–1.27) | 0.50 (0.29–0.87)e |
| p-value for trend | 0.77 | 0.14 | ||
| Permethrin | ||||
| Q1 (≤ 449.6 includes non-detects) | 86 | 77 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 > 449.6 ng/g to 1182.1 | 57 | 76 | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) | 0.70 (0.43–1.13) |
| Q3 > 1182.1 ng/g to 4207.8 ng/g | 43 | 77 | 0.49 (0.30–0.81) | 0.46 (0.28–0.77) |
| Q4 > 4207.8 ng/g | 65 | 76 | 0.78 (0.50–1.24) | 0.81 (0.50–1.31)e |
| p-value for trend | 0.99 | 0.83 | ||
| Piperonyl butoxide (synergist) | ||||
| Q1 (≤ 53.3 ng/g includes non-detects) | 68 | 76 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Q2 > 53.3 ng/g to 156.6 ng/g | 61 | 76 | 0.89 (0.55–1.43) | 0.80 (0.49–1.32) |
| Q3 > 156.6 ng/g to 656.5 ng/g | 61 | 76 | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) | 0.83 (0.50–1.38) |
| Q4 > 656.5 ng/g | 62 | 76 | 0.89 (0.55–1.44) | 0.78 (0.47–1.29)e |
| p-value for trend | 0.84 | 0.55 | ||
Insecticides were measured using the hexane:acetone method for 557 participants (251 cases and 306 controls)
Piperonyl butoxide was measured using the dichloromethane method for 556 participants (252 cases and 304 controls
Adjusted for age (continuous, years), sex (male or female), race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, or non-Hispanic Other) of the child
Additionally adjusted for household income (annual), breastfeeding (ever, yes/no), season of dust collection, and year of the interview
Additionally adjusted for household income (annual), season of dust collection, and year of the interview
Additionally adjusted for household income (annual) and season of dust collection