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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr. 2021 Jun 24;237:50–58.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.027

Table 2 (Online Only):

Means and standard deviations for nutrient intakes at visit 1 (childhood, ~10 yrs) and visit 2 (adolescence, ~16 yrs) in the sample of multi-ethnic youth, overall and by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) diagnosis at visit (n=358)

Full sample (n=358) Non-NAFLD (n=336) NAFLD (n=22)
Nutrient (%TEI or g/1000 kcal) Visit 1 Intakea Mean (SD) Visit 2 Intakea Mean (SD) pb Visit 1 Intakea Mean (SD) Visit 2 Intakea Mean (SD) Pb Visit 1 Intakea Mean (SD) Visit 2 Intakea Mean (SD) Pb
Energy 1763 (496) 1630 (637) <0.001 1765 (494) 1641 (643) 0.003 1738 (542) 1446 (520) 0.039
Total Carbohydrates 51.13 (6.04) 48.94 (7.26) <0.001 51.18 (6.11) 48.95 (7.34) <0.001 50.34 (4.82) 48.73 (6.02) 0.29
 Starch 19.44 (3.63) 19.23 (4.32) 0.41 19.39 (3.60) 19.20 (4.33) 0.49 20.13 (4.1) 19.70 (4.29) 0.67
 Sugar 27.76 (5.87) 25.27 (7.04) <0.001 27.87 (5.88) 25.29 (7.11) <0.001 25.99 (5.48) 24.91 (6.01) 0.57
Total Fiber 6.87 (1.92) 7.51 (4.18) 0.003 6.82 (1.86) 7.59 (4.22) <0.001 7.59 (2.57) 6.28 (3.24) 0.10
 Soluble fiber 2.41 (0.67) 2.63 (1.40) 0.003 2.39 (0.64) 2.65 (1.41) <0.001 2.71 (0.99) 2.23 (1.23) 0.13
 Insoluble fiber 4.39 (1.31) 4.81 (2.81) 0.004 4.36 (1.29) 4.87 (2.84) <0.001 4.81 (1.66) 3.98 (2.02) 0.10
Total Protein 14.46 (2.08) 15.08 (2.27) <0.001 14.44 (2.07) 15.03 (2.26) <0.001 14.82 (2.11) 15.82 (2.35) 0.11
 Animal Protein 9.97 (2.44) 10.19 (2.83) 0.14 9.96 (2.45) 10.12 (2.81) 0.35 10.17 (2.42) 11.20 (2.99) 0.19
 Vegetable Protein 4.48 (1.06) 4.87 (1.38) <0.001 4.47 (1.07) 4.89 (1.38) <0.001 4.63 (0.98) 4.60 (1.40) 0.93
Total Fat 35.78 (4.87) 37.53 (5.79) <0.001 35.76 (4.93) 37.59 (5.88) <0.001 36.18 (3.85) 36.67 (4.10) 0.68
 Saturated Fat 13.18 (2.13) 13.31 (2.38) 0.23 13.18 (2.16) 13.31 (2.41) 0.38 13.16 (1.64) 13.20 (1.83) 0.93
 Monounsaturated Fat 14.16 (2.28) 15.25 (2.71) <0.001 14.14 (2.30) 15.28 (2.75) <0.001 14.44 (2.01) 14.80 (2.11) 0.54
 Polyunsaturated Fat 5.68 (1.27) 5.90 (1.57) 0.04 5.68 (1.28) 5.93 (1.57) 0.01 5.74 (1.09) 5.47 (1.53) 0.47
  Other PUFA 5.15 (1.22) 5.35 (1.51) 0.007 5.15 (1.23) 5.37 (1.51) 0.02 5.15 (0.97) 4.90 (1.46) 0.49
  Omega-3 PUFAc 0.53 (0.15) 0.55 (0.18) 0.06 0.52 (0.15) 0.55 (0.18) 0.004 0.59 (0.17) 0.56 (0.18) 0.60
a

Nutrient intakes reported as a percentage of TEI, except for energy (kcal/d) and dietary fiber (g/1000 kcal).

b

Calculated using paired t-tests to compare intakes at visit 1 vs. intakes at visit 2. Bold black indicates p<0.05.

c

Estimated as total PUFA intake – omega-3 PUFA intake.

*

There were no significant difference (p<0.05) between non-NAFLD and NAFLD participants for the nutrient intake at each time point (visit 1 or 2) based on Student’s t-test.

Abbreviations: NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; TEI, total energy intake; PUFA, polyunsaturated fat