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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Pediatr. 2021 Jun 24;237:50–58.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.027

Table 3:

Associations of nutrient intake changes from visit 1 (childhood) to visit 2 (adolescence) with log-transformed hepatic fat at visit 2 in the sample of multi-ethnic youth (n=358)

Model 1a Model 2b
△ Nutrient Intake (% TEI or g/1000 kcal) Mean △ Intakec: β (95% CI)d p β (95% CI)d p
Total Carbohydrates −2.20 (7.98) −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) 0.35 −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.70
 Starch −0.21 (5.07) −0.003 (−0.06, 0.06) 0.91 0.02 (−0.04, 0.07) 0.52
 Sugar −2.49 (8.02) −0.005 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.79 −0.003 (−0.04, 0.03) 0.87
Total Fiber 0.64 (3.90) −0.12 (−0.21, −0.02) 0.02 −0.11 (−0.20, −0.02) 0.02
 Soluble fiber 0.21 (1.31) −0.28 (−0.57, 0.01) 0.06 −0.25 (−0.52, 0.02) 0.07
 Insoluble fiber 0.42 (2.65) −0.17 (−0.31, −0.03) 0.02 −0.16 (−0.29, −0.03) 0.02
Total Protein 0.62 (2.78) 0.10 (−0.2, 0.21) 0.09 0.08 (−0.02, 0.19) 0.13
 Animal Protein 0.22 (3.31) 0.13 (0.04, 0.22) 0.007 0.11 (0.02, 0.20) 0.01
 Vegetable Protein 0.39 (1.50) −0.26 (−0.45, −0.07) 0.008 −0.24 (−0.41, −0.06) 0.008
Total Fat 1.75 (6.39) −0.002 (−0.05, 0.04) 0.92 −0.02 (−0.06, 0.03) 0.48
 Saturated Fat 0.13 (2.76) 0.08 (−0.03, 0.19) 0.14 0.05 (−0.05, 0.15) 0.34
 Monounsaturated Fat 1.09 (3.00) −0.02 (−0.12, 0.08) 0.67 −0.04 (−0.13, 0.05) 0.36
 Polyunsaturated Fat 0.22 (1.78) −0.18 (−0.35, −0.02) 0.03 −0.21 (−0.36, −0.06) 0.008
  Other PUFAe 0.19 (1.73) −0.19 (−0.36, −0.02) 0.03 −0.22 (−0.38, −0.06) 0.007
  Omega-3 PUFA 0.03 (0.20) −0.11 (−1.62, 1.41) 0.89 −0.03 (−1.72, 1.12) 0.68
a

Model 1: Adjusted for offspring sex, age, Hispanic ethnicity, maternal education, maternal DM, maternal smoking, baseline intake (visit 1), change in TEI (visit 2-visit 1), and TEI plausibility at visit 1.

b

Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1 covariates and BMI z-score at visit 2.

c

Mean change values calculated as visit 2-visit 1.

d

β coefficients are estimate the effect on log-hepatic fat for a +5 unit increase in each nutrient as a percentage of TEI, except for dietary fiber, which is assessed as g/1000 kcal. Bold black indicates p<0.05.

e

Calculated as total PUFA intake – omega-3 PUFA intake.

Abbreviations: HF, hepatic fat; TEI, total energy intake; BMI, body mass index; PUFA, polyunsaturated fat.