Table 4 (Online Only):

Back-transformed estimates for associations of nutrient intake changes from visit 1 (childhood) to visit 2 (adolescence) with log-transformed hepatic fat at visit 2 in the sample of multi-ethnic youth (n=358)

	Model 1a		Model 2b
△ Nutrient Intake (%TEI or g/1000 kcal)	β (95% CI)c	p-value	β (95% CI)c	p-value
Total Carbohydrates	0.98 (0.95, 1.02)	0.35	0.99 (0.96, 1.03)	0.70
Starch	1.00 (0.94, 1.06)	0.91	1.02 (0.96, 1.08)	0.52
Sugar	1.00 (0.96, 1.03)	0.79	1.00 (0.96, 1.03)	0.87
Total Fiber	0.89 (0.81, 0.98)	0.02	0.90 (0.82, 0.98)	0.02
Soluble fiber	0.76 (0.56, 1.01)	0.06	0.78 (0.59, 1.02)	0.07
Insoluble fiber	0.84 (0.73, 0.97)	0.02	0.85 (0.75, 0.97)	0.02
Total Protein	1.10 (0.98, 1.24)	0.09	1.08 (0.98, 1.21)	0.13
Animal Protein	1.14 (1.04, 1.25)	0.007	1.12 (1.02, 1.22)	0.01
Vegetable Protein	0.77 (0.64, 0.93)	0.008	0.79 (0.66, 0.94)	0.008
Total Fat	1.00 (0.95, 1.04)	0.92	0.98 (0.94, 1.03)	0.48
Saturated Fat	1.09 (0.97, 1.21)	0.14	1.05 (0.95, 1.17)	0.34
Monounsaturated Fat	0.98 (0.89, 1.08)	0.67	0.96 (0.88, 1.05)	0.36
Polyunsaturated Fat (PUFA)	0.83 (0.71, 0.98)	0.03	0.81 (0.70, 0.95)	0.008
Other PUFAd	0.82 (0.70, 0.98)	0.03	0.74 (0.18, 3.07)	0.007
Omega-3 PUFA	0.90 (0.20, 4.11)	0.89	0.80 (0.69, 0.94)	0.68

^aModel 1: Adjusted for offspring sex, age, Hispanic ethnicity, maternal education, maternal DM, maternal smoking, baseline intake (visit 1), change in TEI (visit 2-visit 1), and TEI plausibility at visit 1.

^bModel 2: Adjusted for Model 1 covariates and BMI z-score at visit 1.

^cβ coefficients have been back-transformed and represent the geometric mean ratio for hepatic fat per +5 unit increase per nutrient as a percentage of TEI, except for dietary fiber, which is assessed as g/1000 kcal. Bold black indicates p<0.05.

^dEstimated as total PUFA intake – omega-3 PUFA intake.

Abbreviations: TEI, total energy intake; PUFA, polyunsaturated fat; BMI, body mass index.