TABLE 3.
Summary of the antimicrobial activities of solvent extracts and essential oils from different part of Zanthoxylum species.
| Plant species and part used | Test substance | Microorganism targeted | Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z. zanthoxyloides fruits | Crude methanol extract | P. aeruginosa | IZD of 15 mm | Misra et al. (2013) |
| Essential oil | K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium. | IZD of 12, 11, and 9 mm, resp. | ||
| Z. leprieurii fruits | Crude methanol extract | P. aeruginosa | IZD of 15 mm | Misra et al. (2013) |
| Z. zanthoxyloides root bark | Aqueous-methanol extract | S. mutans, S. lutea, C. albicans, and A. niger | IZD of 20–32 mm | Okafor et al. (2017) |
| Z. zanthoxyloides fruits | Essential oil | S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecalis, and C. albicans | IZD of 8.6–18.8 mm | Tine et al. (2017) |
| Z. leprieurii root bark | Methanol extract | Pan sensitive (H37rv), rifampicin resistant (TMC 331) and isoniazid resistant (TMC 301) strains of M. tuberculosis | MIC of 47.3, 75.3 and 125 μg/ ml | Bunalema et al. (2017) |
| Z. zanthoxyloides | Ethylacetate and chloroform extracts | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp, S. pneumoniae and B. cereus) and fungal species (A. niger, A. flavus, Trichoderma sp and Candida sp. | IZD of 7.5–16 mm at 25 mg/ ml | Adeeyo et al. (2020) |
| F. heitzii fruits and root bark | Ethanol extract | E.coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and A. fumigatis | MIC of 500 μg/ ml (fruit) and 1,000 μg/ ml (root; for only A. fumigates) | Dzoyem et al. (2013) |
| Z. clava-herculis leaves and stem bark | Methanol extract | E. coli (AG102), E. aerogenes (EA27), K. pneumonia (KP63) and Providencia stuartii (NEA16) | MIC of 64–512 μg/ ml | Seukep et al. (2015) |
| Z. bungeanum fruits | Essential oil | E. coli | MIC of 24 mg/ ml (cell wall lysis in vitro) | Hong et al. (2017) |
| Z. chalybeum stem bark | Dichloromethane and ethanol extracts | S. aureus, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa | Dichloromethane extract, MIC of 32 μg/ml (S. aureus); ethanol extract, MIC values of 32, 250 and 500 μg/ml (S. aureus, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa, resp.) | Mugiraneza et al. (2013) |
| Z. chalybeum stem bark | Dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts | Isoniazid-resistant strains of M. madagascariense and M. indicus pranii | Dichloromethane extract, MIC of 1.25 mg/ ml (both); methanol extract, MIC of 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ ml, resp. | Chrian et al. (2011) |
| Z. ovalifolium fruit | Hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts | K. pneumonia and S. aureus | Ethyl acetate extract, IZD of 15 and 16 mm, resp.; n-hexane extract, IZD of 14 and 10 mm, resp.; methanol extract, IZD of 13 and 14 mm, resp. at 100 μg/ ml | Pavani and Naika (2020) |
| Z. paracanthum root bark | Chloroform-ethanol extract | Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), E. coli (ATCC 25922), S. aureus (ATCC 29213) and C. albicans (ATCC 10231) | MIC of 3.91, 0.98, 1.95 and 7.81 μg/ml, resp. | Kaigongi et al. (2020) |
| Z. bungeanum leaves | Essential oil | S. aureus, B. cereus, B. subtilis, L. monocytogenes, S. choleraesuis, V. parahaemolyticus, A. hydrophila, S. sonnei, V. vulnificus and S. enterica | MIC of 1.25 μg/ ml | Lee et al. (2012) |
| Z. tingoassuiba roots | Methanol and dichloromethane extracts | S. aureus ATCC 25923 and four multidrug resistant strains of the bacterium | Methonol extract, IZD of 18.3–23.3; dichloromethane extract, IZD of 13.3–20.3 mm | Costa et al. (2017) |
| Z. armatum leaves | Crude methanol extract and essential oil | Alternaria alternata, and Curvularia lunata. | MIC of 1,071 and 948 μg/ ml, resp. | Guleria et al. (2013) |
| Z. leprieurii fruits | Methanol extract | S. aereus and S. saprophyticus | MIC of 2 and 7 μg/ ml, resp. | Njimoh et al., 2015 |
| Z. acanthopodium fruits | M. smegmatis | MIC value of 64 μg/ ml | Julistiono et al. (2018) | |
| Z. armatum seeds and fruits | Crude methanol extract | S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, MRSA, and S. epidermidis | IZD of 11.73–20.72 mm | Phuyal et al. (2020) |
IZD, inhibition zone diameter; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration.