Table 1.
Basic characteristic of studies included in the systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis (M: male; F: female).
| Study | Study region | Sample size | Cases | Age at baseline (year) | Sex (male) | Follow-up time (year) | Alcohol categories | Adjusted confounders | NOS scores |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mills (27) | USA | 34198 | 52 | 25~100 | NA | 6 (max) | Never Any |
Age, sex, and smoking | 9 |
| Chyou (28) | USA | 7995 | 96 | 46~68 | 100% | 22 (max) | 0 <15 grams/day ≧15 grams/day |
Age, smoking | 8 |
| Michaud (29) | USA | 47909 | 252 | 40~75 | 100% | 10 (max) | <1 glass/month 1-3 glass/month 1-4 glass/week 5 glass/week-1 glass/day ≧2 glass/day |
Age, geographic region, pack-years of smoking, current smoking status, energy intake, and intake of fruits and vegetables | 8 |
| Zeegers (30) | Netherlands | 3170 | 594 | 55~69 | 50.19% | 6.3 (max) | None <5 grams/day 5-15 grams/day 15-30 grams/day ≧30 grams/day |
Age, smoking (smoking status, amount, and duration) | 8 |
| Djoussé (31) | USA | 10125 | 126 | 40.3 ± 10.4/5~70 | 47.23% | 27.3±10.1 | 0 0.1–6.0 grams/day 6.1–12.0 grams/day 12.1–24.0 grams/day 24.1–48.0 grams/day ≧48.0 grams/day |
Age, sex, cohort, smoking status, pack-years of cigarette smoking | 9 |
| Allen (32) | UK | 1280296 | 928 | 55 (mean) | 0 | 7.2 (mean) | Nondrinkers ≦2 drinks/week 3-6 drinks/week 7-14 drinks/week ≧15 drinks/week |
Age, region of residence, socioeconomic status, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, use of oral contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy | 9 |
| Botteri (10) | Europe | 476160 | 1802 | 51.2 (mean) | 29.90% | 13.9 (mean) | Nondrinker 0–6(M)/0–3(F) grams/day 6–12(M)/3–12(F) grams/day 12–24 grams/day 24–60 grams/day 60–96(M)/60(F) grams/day 96(M) grams/day |
Age, sex, smoking status, energy intake, body mass index, physical activity and educational level completed | 9 |
| Masaoka (11) | Japan | 95915 | 464 | 52.2 ± 8.0/40~69 | 47.59% | 18.2 (mean) | Non/Occasional drinker 1–150 grams/week 151–300 grams/week 301–450 grams/week >450 grams/week |
Age, sex, area, smoking | 9 |
| Park (33) | USA | 15628 | 71 | 51.8 ± 6.8 | 0 | NA | 0 0.1–4.9 grams/day 5.0–14.9 grams/day 15.0–29.9 grams/day ≧30.0 grams/day |
Age, smoking status, BMI, physical activity, menopause status, postmenopausal hormone use, history of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension or type 2 diabetes | 7 |