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. 2021 Sep 28;11:19240. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98532-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Rhythm properties of neonatal SCN in culture from the control, Dec1/Dec2 deficient, Cry1/Cry2 deficient, and Cry1/Cry2/ Dec1/Dec2 quadruple-KO mice. (A) Mean periods of PER2::LUC rhythms with standard deviations (SD) calculated by periodogram are shown as columns and vertical lines. A number in each column indicates the number of SCN examined. (B) Standardized amplitude of PER2::LUC rhythms are expressed in bar graph (mean ± SD). (C) Damping ratio of PER2::LUC rhythms is also shown in a bar graph (mean ± SD). Statistical comparisons, a; P < 0.05, aa; P < 0.01 vs. control, b; P < 0.05, bb; P < 0.01 vs. Dec1/Dec2 deficient mice, c; P < 0.05 vs. Cry1/Cry2 deficient mice (one-way ANOVA with a post hock Tukey–Kramer test or Kruskal–Wallis with a post-hoc Steel-test). (D) Peak phase of PER2::LUC rhythms on the 1st day of culture in ZT is illustrated as Rayleigh plot, where ZT 0 indicates the time of light-on in the light–dark cycles. Blue dots indicate the peak phases of individual rhythms. Red arrow in each circle indicates the mean circadian phase of each genotype. A red circle is 95% confidence level. If an arrow extends over the red circle, the distribution of peak phases is regarded as significantly consolidated. Data of the control and Cry1/Cry2-deficient SCN are same as in Fig. 3.