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. 2021 Sep 15;12:743022. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743022

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Copyright © 2021 Rad, Röhl, Stylianou, Allenby, Bazaz, Warkiani, Guimaraes, Clifton and Kulasinghe

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Possible mechanisms of transplacental transmission. There are several potential mechanisms involved in the virus’s vertical transmission from mother to fetus. (1) Infection caused by direct villous tree damage. (2) Infection through the maternal endothelium to the extravillous trophoblast. (3) Infection caused by maternal immune cell trafficking and transcellular transport. (4) Infection through the vagina. Adapted from (67).