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. 2021 Aug 18;62:100108. doi: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100108

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

FAHFA isomers inhibit LPS-induced chemokine and cytokine gene expression and stimulate phagocytosis in BMDMs: (A) Various FAHFA isomers (20 μM) inhibit LPS-induced gene expression of different cytokines and chemokines—Tnfα, Il-6, Il-1β, Ccl2, Ccl3, and Ccl5. Data are the means ± SEM; n = 4; ∗P < 0.05 versus LPS-induced DMSO by one-way ANOVA. B: Various FAHFA isomers (20 μM) stimulate phagocytosis in BMDMs in the presence of LPS. Data are the means ± SEM. n = 4; ∗P < 0.05 versus LPS + DMSO-treated BMDMs by one-way ANOVA. The fatty acids (20 μM), palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and hydroxy stearic acids (5-, 9-, and 12-HSA) do not affect phagocytosis in BMDMs. Negative control is macrophages without the addition of zymosan particles. All other bars are different than the negative control. BMDM, bone marrow–derived macrophage; FAHFA, fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.