Table 2.

Biological activity of different FAHFAs

FAHFA Family	Assay—FAHFA Isomer Compared With DMSO Control	5-FAHFA	9-FAHFA	10-FAHFA	12-FAHFA	13-FAHFA
PAHSA	Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes			↔	↔	↔
	GSIS MIN6 cells				↔	↔
	GSIS human islets				↔
	Tnfα secretion from BMDCs			↔
	Il-6 secretion from BMDCs			↔		↔
	Tnfα secretion from BMDMs			↔		↔
POHSA	Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes		↔	↔	↔	↔
	GSIS MIN6 cells	↔	↔
	GSIS human islets		↔
	Tnfα secretion from BMDCs				↔	↔
	Il-6 secretion from BMDCs				↔	↔
	Tnfα secretion from BMDMs				↔	↔
OAHSA	Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes			↔	↔	↔
	GSIS MIN6 cells	↔
	GSIS human islets
	Tnfα secretion from BMDCs					↔
	Il-6 secretion from BMDCs			↔		↔
	Tnfα secretion from BMDMs			↔	↔	↔
SAHSA	Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes			↔	↔	↔
	GSIS MIN6 cells	↔		↔
	GSIS human islets
	Tnfα secretion from BMDCs			↔		↔
	Il-6 secretion from BMDCs			↔		↔
	Tnfα secretion from BMDMs			↔	↔	↔

indicates significant increase compared to DMSO control P < 0.05, indicates significant decrease compared to DMSO P < 0.05. ↔ indicates no change.

All assays were repeated 2–5 times, except for GSIS in isolated human islets.