. 2021 Sep 28;326(12):1178–1185. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.14986

Table 2. Association of Epidural Analgesia Use During Labor and Delivery With Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Offspring.

	Epidural analgesia during labor and delivery, No. (%)		Absolute RD, % (95% CI)	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR (95% CI)^a
	Exposed	Not exposed	Absolute RD, % (95% CI)	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	Model 1^b	Model 2^c	Model 3^d
No. of deliveries	111 480	276 774	388 254	388 254	358 709	358 699	358 690
ASD	1710 (1.53)	3482 (1.26)	0.28 (0.19-0.36)	1.32 (1.24-1.40)	1.30 (1.22-1.38)	1.12 (1.05-1.20)	1.09 (1.00-1.15)

Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; RD, risk difference.

^{^a}

Missing data for body mass index were imputed using multiple imputation. The missing data for other variables were not imputed and were assumed missing at random.

^{^b}

Adjusted for year of birth, maternal and co-parent age, neighborhood income quintile, and community size.

^{^c}

Adjusted for items in model 1 plus gestational diabetes, preexisting diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, other hypertension, parity, smoking during pregnancy, and body mass index.

^{^d}

Adjusted for items in models 1 and 2 plus induction of labor, gestational age, sex, small or large for gestational age, and congenital anomaly.