Fig. 4.

Examples of extreme environmental events in Siberia. a record temperatures north of the Arctic Circle: Vekhoyansk 2020; b smoke plumes from record fires in the Yakutsk region, 2021 (Sakhalin is centre bottom, and the New Siberian Islands, centre top; c lightning strikes above 75° N, June–August 2010–2020; d Ob-river flood near Krivosheino, 2021; e record rain in the arid Tuva region during July (month VII) 2018 and 2019; f increased and more intense rain-on-snow events kill tens of thousands of reinder. Credits: (a) modified from J. Day, eu-interact.org; (b) A. Romanov; (c) Holzworth et al. 2021; (d) A. Kuznetsov; (e) unpublished data from Chadan meteostation, I.V. Kuzhevskaia; (f) M. Okotetto