Fig. 5.

Diversity of permafrost landscapes in Siberia showing effects of thaw. a Low-centred polygonal tundra along the coast of Yakutia-Sakha near Samoylov; b Thawing palsa plateau: Altai Republic; c The baidzharakh landscape, Ostrov Faddeyevsky Island; d Permafrost thaw and eroding baidzharakhs, Ostrov Faddeyevsky Island; e Crater and mound in Yamal, 18 m inner, and 30 m outer diameter, and 70 m deep, caused by a natural explosion in a permafrost area; f The Batagay thermokarst mega-thaw slump, in 2018 the width was > 800 m, length > 2,500 m, depth < 100 m. Photo credits: (a) K. Piele; (b–d) T.V. Callaghan; (e) M. Leibman; (f) A. Gabysev