TABLE 1.
Erythropoietin regulation of fat mass and inflammation in mice during diet induced obesity.
| Mouse model | EPO status | Physiologic response | Physiologic response | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WT (C57BL/6) | EPO gene electrotransfer in skeletal muscle | Fat mass | -EPO in females on high fat diet (HFD) decreased body weight/fat mass and improved glucose tolerance | Hojman et al. (2009) |
| EPO treatment | Fat mass | -EPO decreased blood glucose (also WT BALB/c) | Katz et al. (2010) | |
| EPO treatment | Fat mass | -In males on HFD, EPO ≥ 150 U/kg reduced body weight/fat mass, ≥ 300 improved glucose tolerance, at 1000 U/kg increased physical activity | Foskett et al. (2011) | |
| EPO treatment | Fat mass | -EPO in males reduced body weight/fat mass accumulation on HFD and reduced body weight on NCD | Teng et al. (2011) | |
| EPO treatment | Fat mass | -EPO Increased WAT metabolic activity, mitochondria content, oxygen consumption, brown fat program in males | Wang et al. (2013) | |
| EPO treatment | WAT inflammation | -EPO reduced obese WAT inflammation, inflammatory cytokine production, macrophage infiltration, shifted WAT macrophages to anti-inflammatory phenotype in males | Alnaeeli et al. (2014) | |
| EPO treatment | Fat mass | -EPO reduced body weight, fat mass and activated brown adipose tissue during HFD. | Kodo et al. (2017) | |
| EPO treatment | Fat mass | -EPO reduced body weight/fat mass accumulation during NCD and HFD in males. | Zhang et al. (2017) | |
| -EPO did not change body weight/fat mass in females | ||||
| -EPO reduced body weight/fat mass accumulation in ovariectomized females on HFD. | ||||
| EPO treatment | Bone marrow adipose tissue | -EPO reduced bone marrow adipocytes and bone without change in WAT. | Suresh et al. (2019) | |
| EPO treatment | Bone marrow adipose tissue | -EPO reduced HFD increase in bone marrow adipocytes independent of change in whole fat mass in males and females | Suresh et al. (2020c) | |
| Brain EPO administration | Fat mass Hypothalamus inflammation | -EPO reduced body weight/fat mass accumulation and hypothalamus inflammation during HFD in males | Dey et al. (2020) | |
| -EPO did not change body weight/fat mass accumulation and hypothalamus inflammation during HFD in females | ||||
| -EPO reduced body weight/fat mass accumulation and hypothalamus inflammation during HFD in ovariectomized females | ||||
| Brain EPO administration | Fat mass | -EPO decreased body weight/fat mass, increase lean mass, reduced food intake in males | Wang et al. (2020) | |
| tg6 (C57BL/6) | High transgenic human EPO | Fat mass | -Males and females have lower body mass | Katz et al. (2010) |
| Bone marrow adipose tissue | -Males and females have reduced bone marrow adipocytes and bone | Suresh et al. (2019) | ||
| tg21 (C57BL/6) | High brain transgenic human EPO | Fat mass Hypothalamus inflammation | -Males have reduced body weight/fat mass accumulation and hypothalamus inflammation during HFD | Dey et al. (2020) |
| -No change in body weight/fat mass accumulation and hypothalamus inflammation during HFD in females | ||||
| -Ovariectomized females have reduced body weight/fat mass accumulation and hypothalamus inflammation during HFD | ||||
| ΔEPORE (C57BL/6) | EPOR restricted to erythroid tissue | Fat mass | -Males and females have increased fat mass, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. | Teng et al. (2011) |
| Bone marrow adipose tissue | -Males and females have reduced trabecular bone and increase bone marrow adipocytes that decreases with EPO treatment. | Suresh et al. (2019) | ||
| -EPO reduced bone marrow adipocytes without change in WAT | ||||
| WAT inflammation | -Increased WAT inflammation in obese ΔEpoRE mice. | Alnaeeli et al. (2014) | ||
| EPOR(aP2KO) (C57BL/6) | EPORloxP/loxP ;aP2-Cre fat knockout | Fat mass | -Males have increased susceptibility to diet induced obesity | Wang et al. (2013) |
| EPOR(aP2KO) (129J-C57BL/6-FVB/N) | EPORloxP/loxP ;aP2-Cre fat knockout | Body weight | -Body weight unchanged on NCD or HFD | Luk et al. (2013) |
| WAT Inflammation | -WAT inflammation unchanged | |||
| EPOR(nestinKO) (C57BL/6) | EPORloxP/loxP ;nestin-Cre neural knockout | Fat mass | -Increased inflammation and weight gain during diet induced obesity in males and not females | Dey et al. (2020) |
| Hypothalamus inflammation | ||||
| Ob/ob (C57BL/6) | Obesity model | Body weight | -In males, EPO reduced body weight | Katz et al. (2010) |
| Fat mass | -EPO reduced body weight/fat mass accumulation | Teng et al. (2011) | ||
| PTP1B−/− (BALB/c) | Obesity model | Body weight | -In males, EPO reduced body weight gain, Hb A1c | Katz et al. (2010) |
| STAT6−/− (C57BL/6) | Defective anti-inflammatory like macrophages | WAT inflammation | -In obese males, EPO does not shift WAT macrophages to anti-inflammatory phenotype observed in obese WT | Alnaeeli et al. (2014) |
| IL4−/− (C57BL/6) | ||||
| ERα−/− (C57BL/6) | Estrogen receptor α knockout | Fat mass | -EPO reduced HFD body weight/fat mass accumulation in WT males, in ERα−/− males and females | Lee et al. (2021) |
| ERα(adipoKO) (C57BL/6) | ERαloxP/loxP ;adiponectin-Cre fat knockout | Fat mass | -EPO reduced HFD body weight/fat in ERα(adipoKO) females | Lee et al. (2021) |
| WAT inflammation | -EPO reduced obese WAT inflammation in ERα(adipoKO) females but not in WT females |