Table 1.

Modulation of redox status by adenosine receptors.

Adenosine receptor	G-coupled protein	Cell type	Effect redox status of cell
A2A	Gs → ↑Adenylate cyclase	Microglial cells	↑ROS, NO, IL-1β, TNF [175]
		Cardiac myoblast cells	↓ROS [171]
A2B	Gs → ↑Adenylate cyclase	Erythrocytes	↑2,3-BPG, ↑O2 [164]
	Gq → ↑ PLCγ
A1	Gi → Ø Adenylate cyclase Go → ↑PLCβ	Neutrophils	↓ROS [159,160]
		Astrocytes	↓HIF-1, iNOS [163]
		Smooth muscle cells	↓ROS, ↑NF-kB [172]
A3	Gi → Ø Adenylate cyclase Gq → ↑PLCγ	Neutrophils	↓ROS [159,160]
		Melanoma cells	↑HIF-1 [161]
		Astrocytes	↓HIF-1, iNOS [163]
		Basophilic leukemia cell	↑SOD, CAT, GPx [170]

PLC: Phospholipase C; ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NO: Nitrogen oxide, IL-1β: Interleukin 1 beta, TNF: Tumor necrosis factor, 2,3-BPG: 2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, HIF-1: Hypoxia inducible factor-1α, iNOS: inducible nitrogen oxide synthase, SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GPx: glutathione peroxidase.