Table 2.
Predisposing characteristics, enabling factors and need variables distribution of total sample and clusters
| Determinants | Totala n (%) 978 (100) |
HighUsers n (%) 343 (35.07) |
GPUsers n (%) 272 (27.80) |
LowUsers n (%) 363 (37.11) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposing | Age | 65.34 ± 11.30 | 65.18 ± 10.51 | 66.47 ± 10.35 | 64.74 ± 12.02 | 0.081b |
| Female sex | 714 (73) | 259 (75.5) | 209 (76.8) | 246 (67.8) | 0.017c | |
| Geographic Location | ||||||
| North | 255 (29.3) | 105 (34.0) | 60 (28.6) | 81 (25.2) | < 0.001 c | |
| Centre | 243 (27.9) | 85 (27.2) | 87 (36.1) | 72 (22.4) | ||
| Islands | 127 (14.6) | 32 (10.4) | 21 (8.7) | 74 (23.1) | ||
| South | 84 (9.6) | 29 (9.4) | 26 (10.8) | 29 (9.0) | ||
| Lisbon | 162 (18.6) | 59 (19.1) | 38 (15.8) | 65 (20.2) | ||
| Married or consensual union | 619 (63.3) | 222 (64.7) | 165 (60.7) | 232 (63.9) | 0.556 c | |
| Enabling | Years of Education | 4.96 ± 3.32 | 5.05 ± 3.36 | 4.36 ± 3.18 | 5.32 ± 3.32 | < 0.001b |
| < 4 years of Education | 247 (25.3) | 79 (23.1) | 98 (36.0) | 70 (19.3) | < 0.001c | |
| Employment status | 0.006 c | |||||
| Employed (part-time OR full-time) | 145 (16.6) | 42 (13.5) | 31 (12.9) | 72 (22.9) | ||
| Retired | 634 (72.4) | 222 (71.4) | 185 (76.7) | 228 (70.2) | ||
| Unemployed | 68 (7.8) | 31 (10.0) | 18 (7.5) | 19 (5.8) | ||
| Temporarily disabled | 17 (1.9) | 11 (3.5) | 4 (1.7) | 2 (0.6) | ||
| Othersd | 12 (1.4) | 5 (1.6) | 3 (1.3) | 4 (1.2) | ||
| NHS as only health system | 763 (78.0) | 236 (74.9) | 230 (79.3) | 297 (79.6) | 0.003c | |
| Need | Physical function (HAQ) | 0.76 ± 0.69 | 0.88 ± 0.66 | 0.77 ± 0.67 | 0.47 ± 0.59 | < 0.001b |
| HRQoL (EQ-5D-3L) | 0.62 ± 0.27 | 0.57 ± 0.27 | 0.61 ± 0.26 | 0.73 ± 0.25 | < 0.001b | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.54 ± 5.06 | 29.71 ± 4.77 | 29.69 ± 5.14 | 29.27 ± 4.95 | 0.366b | |
| Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0,6) | 0.311c | |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.99 kg/m2) | 156 (17.2) | 59 (15.2) | 40 (16.1) | 67 (19.9) | ||
| Overweight (25–29.99 kg/m2) | 379 (41.8) | 135 (41.8) | 110 (44.4) | 134 (39.9) | ||
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 370 (40.8) | 139 (43.0) | 98 (39.5) | 133 (39.6) | ||
| Anxiety (HADS-A) | 6.86 ± 4.15 | 7.08 ± 4.20 | 7.54 ± 4.23 | 5.85 ± 3.94 | < 0.001b | |
| Depression (HADS-D) | 6.09 ± 4.30 | 5.74 ± 3.96 | 6.59 ± 4.21 | 4.94 ± 3.82 | 0.001b | |
| Number of Comorbidities | 4.47 ± 2.44 | 4.48 ± 2.42 | 5.11 ± 2.54 | 3.65 ± 2.19 | < 0.001b | |
| Daily alcohol intake | 199 (20.4) | 70 (20.5) | 53 (19.5) | 76 (20.9) | 0.077c | |
| Active smoker | 71 (7.3) | 25 (7.3) | 16 (5.9) | 30 (8.3) | 0.519c | |
| Ex-smoker | 182 (17.9) | 59 (18.6) | 38 (14.8) | 65 (19.5) | 0.312c | |
| Regular physical activity | 201 (20.6) | 58 (17.0) | 41 (15.1) | 102 (28.1) | < 0.001c | |
Categorical variables are presented as n (%); continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation
NHS National Health System, GP General Practitioner, HRQoL Health Related Quality of Life, EQ-5D-3L EuroQol with five dimensions and three levels, HAQ Health Assessment Questionnaire, HADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Anxiety subscale, HADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression subscale
aSample size is not constant due to participants with validated data in the following variables the following: Geographic location (n = 871), Years of education (n = 977), Employment status (n = 876), EQ-5D-3L score (n = 965), Alcohol intake (n = 977), BMI (n = 971), Regular physical activity (n = 977)
bKusskall-Wallis test
c Chi-squared test
dThis category includes participants who are students, domestic workers or that lives on revenues