Table 2.

Predictors of Adolescent General Mental Health Outcomes During COVID-19 Pandemic

Outcome	Survey Time Point	Factors/Covariates	Estimate	SE	df	t	Uncorrected p Value	FDR p Value
Sadness	Surveys 1 and 3	ACEs	0.59	0.14	7032.30	3.92	<.001a	<.001
		Time	−1.56	0.25	4062.51	−6.36	<.001
		ACE × time	0.07	0.08	3999.14	0.87	.38	.72
		Race
		Asian American	−0.26	0.85	4145.30	−0.30	.76
		Black	−1.63	0.54	4471.59	−3.00	.0027
		Other/multiracial	0.37	0.40	4502.79	0.93	.35
		Ethnicity	0.38	1.17	6326.79	0.33	.74
		ACE × race
		Asian American	1.60	1.053	6519	1.51	.13	.37
		Black	0.77	0.48	6558	1.61	.11	.36
		Other/multiracial	0.038	0.34	6498	0.11	.91	.98
		ACE × ethnicity	0.055	0.37	6523.60	0.15	.88	.98
		ACE × race × time
		Asian	−0.80	0.60	3519	−1.346	.18	.48
		Black	−0.74	0.29	4368	−2.57	.01	.07
		Other/multiracial	−0.0027	0.20	3881	−0.013	.99	.99
		ACE × ethnicity × time	−0.057	0.22	4118.42	−0.257	.79	.97
Positive Affect	Survey 2	ACEs	−0.46	0.11	3321.04	−4.24	<.001a	<.001
		Race
		Asian American	−0.59	1.06	3075.60	−0.56	.58
		Black	1.95	0.76	3074.96	2.56	.01
		Other/multiracial	−0.02	0.53	3120.15	−0.038	.97
		Ethnicity	−1.12	0.87	2779.34	−1.26	.21
		ACE × race
		Asian	0.42	0.69	3392.51	0.61	.54	.75
		Black	0.60	0.35	3410.42	1.72	.086	.36
		Other/multiracial	0.41	0.25	3340.69	1.68	.094	.36
		ACE × ethnicity	0.34	0.26	3347.84	1.30	.19	.48
Fear/Worry	Survey 2	ACEs	0.46	0.092	3792.71	4.98	<.001a	<.001
		Race
		Asian American	0.12	0.91	2837.32	0.13	.89
		Black	−0.16	0.61	2846.98	−0.25	.80
		Other/multiracial	0.95	0.45	3175.43	2.13	.034
		Ethnicity	−0.31	0.74	2361.73	−0.42	.67
		ACE × race
		Asian American	0.47	0.61	3886	0.77	.44	.74
		Black	0.12	0.28	3891	0.42	.67	.84
		Other/multiracial	−0.14	0.21	3774	−0.67	.50	.74
		ACE × ethnicity	0.16	0.22	3783.14	0.72	.47	.74
Anger/Frustration	Surveys 1 and 3	ACEs	0.046	0.015	6466	3.03	.0024b	.02
		Time	−0.15	0.028	4390	−5.440	<.001
		ACE × time	0.0051	0.0091	4309	0.56	.57	.76
		Race
		Asian American	−0.083	0.079	3965	−1.05	.29
		Black	−0.11	0.051	4412	−2.10	.036
		Other/multiracial	−0.0063	0.037	4358	−0.17	.87
		Ethnicity	0.21	0.13	6031	1.63	.10
		ACE × race
		Asian American	−0.085	0.11	5732	−0.74	.46	.74
		Black	0.0090	0.052	6303	0.17	.86	.98
		Other/multiracial	−0.057	0.038	5958	−1.52	.13	.37
		ACE × ethnicity	−0.027	0.040	6104	−0.68	.50	.74
		ACE × race × time
		Asian American	0.00627	0.069	3672	0.091	.93	.98
		Black	−0.021	0.033	4792	−0.64	.52	.72
		Other/multiracial	0.024	0.023	4161	1.03	.30	.61
		ACE × ethnicity × time	0.027	0.025	4480	1.07	.30	.60
Perceived Stress	Surveys 1–3	ACEs	0.19	0.029	12,030	6.38	<.001a	<.001
		Time	−0.28	0.034	8190	−8.14	<.001
		ACE × time	0.00016	0.011	8201	0.014	.98	.99
		Race
		Asian American	0.30	0.21	4371	1.47	.14
		Black	0.14	0.13	4682	1.05	.29
		Other/multiracial	0.16	0.098	4658	1.68	.094
		Ethnicity	0.39	0.24	9926	1.63	.10
		ACE × race
		Asian American	0.10	0.22	12,470	0.47	.64	.82
		Black	0.11	0.097	12,230	1.14	.26	.58
		Other/multiracial	−0.01	0.071	12,270	−0.15	.88	.98
		ACE × ethnicity	−0.15	0.076	12,160	−1.96	.05	.29
		ACE × race × time
		Asian American	−0.063	0.085	7421	−0.74	.46	.74
		Black	−0.075	0.041	8757	−1.84	.066	.33
		Other/multiracial	−0.032	0.028	7993	−1.12	.26	.58
		ACE × ethnicity × time	0.050	0.031	8282	161	.11	.36

ACE, adverse childhood experience; FDR, false discovery rate.

^ap < .001; p value remained significant after corrections.

^bp < .05; p value remained significant after corrections.