Table 5.
Secondary outcome measures—PIM-related high-risk prescribing (SOpim)
| Number | Outcomes |
| High risk of GI bleeding | |
| SOpim-1 | Patients with a peptic ulcer, GERD, Crohn’s disease or gastritis who were prescribed a traditional oral NSAID* without a gastroprotective drug.33 34 |
| SOpim-2 | Patients aged ≥65 who were prescribed a traditional oral NSAID* without a gastroprotective drug.33 |
| SOpim-3 | Patients prescribed a platelet aggregation inhibitor excluding heparin and a traditional oral NSAID* without a gastroprotective drug.33 34 |
| SOpim-4 | Patients prescribed a fixed combination of aspirin and clopidogrel or aspirin and either clopidogrel, ticagrelor or prasugrel without a gastroprotective drug.33 |
| SOpim-5 | Patients prescribed an oral anticoagulant or a direct thrombin inhibitor or a direct factor Xa inhibitor and a traditional oral NSAID* without a gastroprotective drug.33 34 |
| SOpim-6 | Patients prescribed an oral anticoagulant and a platelet aggregation inhibitor excluding heparin without a gastroprotective drug.33 34 |
| SOpim-7 | Patients prescribed SSRI or SSNRI with a traditional oral NSAID* without a gastroprotective drug.35 36 |
| SOpim-8 | Patients prescribed a systemic glucocorticoid with a traditional oral NSAID* without a gastroprotective drug.35 |
| High-risk cardiovascular prescribing | |
| SOpim-9 | Patients prescribed an ACE inhibitor/ARB/renin inhibitor with an oral NSAID*.33 34 |
| SOpim-10 | Patients prescribed a diuretic with an oral NSAID*.33 34 |
| SOpim -11 | Patients with heart failure prescribed any oral NSAID*.33 34 |
| SOpim-12 | Patients with heart failure prescribed a tricycle antidepressant.35 37 |
| SOpim-13 | Patients prescribed an ACE inhibitor/ARB/renin inhibitor or a potassium-sparing diuretic including aldosterone antagonists with a potassium supplement.34 35 37 |
| SOpim-14 | Patients with heart failure prescribed a beta-blocking agent, non-selective.37 |
| SOpim-15 | Patients aged ≥65 prescribed a QTc prolongation drug.38 39 |
| SOpim-16 | Patients prescribed two or more QTc prolongation drugs or a QTc prolongation drug with an inhibitor of its isozyme (CYP3A4, CYP2D6) or with known risk factors (heart failure, bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome including tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, other cardiac arrhythmias including long-QT syndrome).38 39 |
| SOpim-17 | Patients prescribed digitalis glycosides with a non-potassium-sparing diuretic and no potassium supplement.34 |
| High-risk prescribing with regards to falls | |
| SOpim-18 | Patients aged ≥65 prescribed a drug that increases risk of falling.38 |
| SOpim-19 a/b | Patients with Parkinson’s disease or other degenerative diseases of basal ganglia prescribed a drug that increases risk of falling.38 |
High-risk prescribing is related to prescriptions in the previous 12 weeks.
*Information related to NSAID is based on claims data; over-the-counter medications cannot be measured.
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; QTc, corrected QT interval; SRNI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.