Table 1.
Association between respondents’ characteristics and timing of first ANC visit
| Characteristics | n (%) | Had ANC (%) | Trimester of first ANC visit (%) | χ2 | P value | ||
| First | Second | Third | |||||
| Age of mothers | 19.8 | 0.074 | |||||
| 15–19 | 1203 (5.5) | 66.9 | 19.4 | 65.2 | 15.4 | ||
| 20–24 | 4186 (19.2) | 73.7 | 23.7 | 63.6 | 12.8 | ||
| 25–29 | 5647 (25.9) | 77.1 | 24.9 | 61.9 | 13.2 | ||
| 30–39 | 8345 (38.3) | 78.0 | 25.0 | 62.7 | 12.3 | ||
| 40–49 | 2404 (11.0) | 70.7 | 22.9 | 64.1 | 13.0 | ||
| Highest educational level | 868.1* | 0.000 | |||||
| No education | 9683 (44.5) | 56.7 | 15.1 | 64.0 | 20.9 | ||
| Primary | 3272 (15.0) | 83.6 | 22.4 | 64.8 | 12.8 | ||
| Secondary | 6921 (31.8) | 91.6 | 29.0 | 62.7 | 8.3 | ||
| Higher | 1908 (8.8) | 98.8 | 37.3 | 58.0 | 4.7 | ||
| Spouse’s highest education | 543.7* | 0.000 | |||||
| No education | 7313 (36.1) | 52.4 | 15.5 | 62.8 | 21.8 | ||
| Primary | 2822 (13.9) | 80.9 | 21.9 | 64.4 | 13.7 | ||
| Secondary | 6975 (34.5) | 88.2 | 27.7 | 62.8 | 9.6 | ||
| Higher | 3126 (15.4) | 95.8 | 29.6 | 62.4 | 8.0 | ||
| Who decides the respondent’s healthcare | 277.7* | 0.000 | |||||
| Respondent alone | 1996 (9.8) | 87.2 | 27.1 | 62.2 | 10.7 | ||
| Respondent and spouse | 6324 (31.1) | 87.5 | 29.3 | 61.7 | 8.9 | ||
| Spouse alone | 12 039 (59.1) | 66.9 | 19.7 | 64.1 | 16.2 | ||
| Media exposure | 242.1* | 0.000 | |||||
| Unexposed to media | 8196 (37.6) | 58.5 | 18.3 | 63.6 | 18.1 | ||
| Exposed to media | 13 589 (62.4) | 85.8 | 26.7 | 62.7 | 10.7 | ||
| Ethnicity | 981.8* | 0.000 | |||||
| Hausa/fulani | 9572 (43.9) | 62.7 | 13.2 | 66.5 | 20.3 | ||
| Yoruba | 2743 (12.6) | 95.4 | 33.8 | 60.2 | 6.0 | ||
| Igbo/Ibiobio | 3047 (14.0) | 94.5 | 33.7 | 58.7 | 7.6 | ||
| Others | 6422 (29.5) | 77.1 | 27.0 | 62.5 | 10.5 | ||
| Religion | 710.6* | 0.000 | |||||
| Islam | 13 373 (61.4) | 67.5 | 17.5 | 65.3 | 17.2 | ||
| Christians | 8295 (38.1) | 88.7 | 32.6 | 60.0 | 7.4 | ||
| Others | 117 (0.5) | 65.9 | 14.0 | 71.4 | 14.6 | ||
| Marital status | 9.0 | 0.218 | |||||
| Never married | 511 (2.3) | 79.2 | 28.2 | 62.2 | 9.6 | ||
| Living with a spouse | 20 520 (94.2) | 75.3 | 24.0 | 63.0 | 13.0 | ||
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 754 (3.5) | 79.9 | 26.8 | 61.6 | 11.6 | ||
| Wealth status | 514.5* | 0.000 | |||||
| Lowest | 6912 (31.7) | 55.8 | 17.7 | 62.2 | 20.1 | ||
| Middle | 7036 (32.3) | 76.2 | 21.5 | 63.9 | 14.6 | ||
| Richest | 7837 (36.0) | 93.4 | 29.7 | 62.6 | 7.8 | ||
| Children ever-born | 293.6* | 0.000 | |||||
| 1 or 2 births | 7637 (35.1) | 80.5 | 29.5 | 60.8 | 9.7 | ||
| 3 or 4 births | 6133 (28.2) | 78.3 | 24.5 | 63.6 | 11.8 | ||
| More than 4 births | 8015 (36.8) | 68.7 | 18.1 | 64.7 | 17.2 | ||
| Birth order | 318.3* | 0.000 | |||||
| First | 3735 (17.1) | 81.6 | 30.5 | 59.2 | 10.4 | ||
| Second | 3902 (17.9) | 79.4 | 28.5 | 62.5 | 9.0 | ||
| Third | 3339 (15.3) | 79.7 | 26.3 | 63.2 | 10.4 | ||
| Fourth | 2794 (12.8) | 76.6 | 22.3 | 64.1 | 13.6 | ||
| Fifth or higher | 8015 (36.8) | 68.7 | 18.1 | 64.7 | 17.2 | ||
| Birth interval | 25.3* | 0.001 | |||||
| First | 3735 (17.1) | 81.8 | 30.5 | 59.2 | 10.4 | ||
| <36 months | 10 453 (48.1) | 73.2 | 22.0 | 64.0 | 14.0 | ||
| ≥36 months | 7558 (34.8) | 75.9 | 23.8 | 63.6 | 12.6 | ||
| Current employment status | 147.5* | 0.000 | |||||
| Employed | 14 898 (68.4) | 80.2 | 26.1 | 62.7 | 11.3 | ||
| Unemployed | 6887 (31.6) | 65.5 | 19.3 | 63.7 | 17.0 | ||
| Spouse current employment statusment | 145.2* | 0.000 | |||||
| Employed | 15 712 (72.1) | 80.1 | 26.0 | 62.6 | 11.5 | ||
| Unemployed | 6073 (27.9) | 63.7 | 18.6 | 64.1 | 17.3 | ||
| Household sex | 5.1 | 0.168 | |||||
| Male | 19 659 (90.2) | 74.8 | 24.1 | 62.9 | 13.0 | ||
| Female | 2126 (9.8) | 83.7 | 25.6 | 63.0 | 11.3 | ||
| Wanted the last child | 9.3 | 0.161 | |||||
| Then | 19 142 (87.9) | 74.8 | 24.3 | 62.8 | 12.9 | ||
| Later | 1919 (8.8) | 83.1 | 25.0 | 63.3 | 11.7 | ||
| Never | 724 (3.3) | 77.7 | 19.7 | 65.4 | 14.9 | ||
| Family mobility | 96.9* | 0.000 | |||||
| 5+ year | 18 201 (83.5) | 73.8 | 22.8 | 63.7 | 13.6 | ||
| Less stable 0–4 years | 3584 (16.5) | 84.9 | 30.6 | 59.8 | 9.7 | ||
| Have health insurance | 30.8* | 0.000 | |||||
| No | 21 306 (97.8) | 75.3 | 24.0 | 63.0 | 13.0 | ||
| Yes | 479 (2.2) | 91.1 | 33.9 | 59.2 | 6.8 | ||
| Wife beating acceptable | 101.9* | 0.000 | |||||
| No | 14 897 (68.4) | 81.4 | 25.9 | 62.4 | 11.7 | ||
| Yes | 6887 (31.6) | 63.1 | 19.5 | 64.6 | 16.0 | ||
| Community poverty | 153.4 | 0.000 | |||||
| Low | 8018 (36.8) | 81.3 | 19.3 | 65.9 | 14.8 | ||
| High | 13 767 (63.2) | 72.3 | 27.4 | 61.0 | 11.6 | ||
| Community illiteracy | 72.8* | 0.000 | |||||
| Low | 8106 (37.2) | 84.2 | 20.8 | 65.5 | 13.7 | ||
| High | 13 679 (62.8) | 70.6 | 26.6 | 61.1 | 12.3 | ||
| Community unemployment | 11.6 | 0.182 | |||||
| Low | 9348 (42.9) | 77.3 | 23.2 | 63.2 | 13.6 | ||
| High | 12 437 (57.1) | 74.4 | 25.0 | 62.7 | 12.2 | ||
| Community media barrier | 24.4* | 0.023 | |||||
| Low | 9508 (42.9) | 82.8 | 22.5 | 64.3 | 13.2 | ||
| High | 12 277 (57.1) | 70.1 | 25.8 | 61.7 | 12.5 | ||
| Community SES disadvantage | 713.6* | 0.000 | |||||
| Lowest | 7542 (34.6) | 93.5 | 32.0 | 60.8 | 7.2 | ||
| Middle | 7190 (33.0) | 80.4 | 20.1 | 65.2 | 14.7 | ||
| Highest | 7053 (32.4) | 51.6 | 15.7 | 63.4 | 20.9 | ||
| Region | |||||||
| North central | 3014 (13.8) | 72.4 | 31.2 | 59.0 | 9.7 | 832.3 | 0.000 |
| North East | 3841 (17.6) | 71.5 | 19.4 | 64.2 | 16.4 | ||
| North West | 7602 (34.9) | 63.7 | 12.5 | 67.2 | 20.3 | ||
| South East | 2126 (9.7) | 96.2 | 32.4 | 59.0 | 8.6 | ||
| South South | 2007 (9.2) | 82.0 | 28.5 | 63.0 | 8.5 | ||
| South West | 3194 (14.7) | 94.5 | 34.5 | 60.3 | 5.1 | ||
| Residence | |||||||
| Urban | 8659 (39.8) | 89.9 | 27.2 | 62.7 | 10.1 | 54.9 | 0.000 |
| Rural | 12 126 (60.2) | 66.2 | 21.6 | 63.2 | 15.3 | ||
| Provider of ANC assistance | 79.7* | 0.000 | |||||
| Unskilled provider | 7671 (35.2) | 30.8 | 18.7 | 63.9 | 17.4 | ||
| Skilled provider | 14 114 (64.8) | 99.9 | 25.2 | 62.8 | 12.1 | ||
| Number of ANC contacts | 3700.2* | 0.000 | |||||
| None | 5365 (25.0) | 0.0 | – | – | – | ||
| 1–3 | 3793 (17.7) | 100.0 | 6.4 | 53.8 | 39.8 | ||
| 4–7 | 8210 (38.3) | 100.0 | 20.3 | 73.1 | 6.5 | ||
| 8+ | 4097 (19.1) | 100.0 | 45.2 | 52.8 | 2.0 | ||
| Total | 21 785 | 75.5 | 24.3 | 62.9 | 12.8 | ||
*Significant χ2 at 0.05.
ANC, antenatal care; SES, socioeconomic status.