Table 3.
Adjusted relative risk ratios of the factors associated with the timing of initiation of ANC contact (NDHS 2018)
| Characteristics | Early initiation (First trimester) | Late initiation (Second trimester) | ||
| Age of mothers | aRRR (95% CI) | sig | aRRR (95% CI) | sig |
| 15–19 | Reference | |||
| 20–24 | 1.16 (0.85 to 1.58) | 0.34 | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.39) | 0.62 |
| 25–29 | 1.04 (0.75 to 1.45) | 0.79 | 1.00 (0.76 to 1.33) | 0.98 |
| 30–39 | 1.34 (0.94 to 1.90) | 0.11 | 1.19 (0.88 to 1.62) | 0.26 |
| 40–49 | 1.66 (1.12 to 2.48) | 0.01 | 1.34 (0.95 to 1.89) | 0.10 |
| Highest educational level | ||||
| No education | Reference | |||
| Primary | 1.26 (1.03 to 1.53) | 0.02 | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.30) | 0.21 |
| Secondary | 1.51 (1.23 to 1.86) | 0.00 | 1.28 (1.07 to 1.54) | 0.01 |
| Higher | 2.63 (1.86 to 3.71) | 0.00 | 1.92 (1.40 to 2.63) | 0.00 |
| Spouse’s highest education | ||||
| No education | Reference | |||
| Primary | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.29) | 0.62 | 1.14 (0.97 to 1.35) | 0.11 |
| Secondary | 1.29 (1.06 to 1.56) | 0.01 | 1.20 (1.03 to 1.41) | 0.02 |
| Higher | 1.28 (1.01 to 1.63) | 0.04 | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.45) | 0.11 |
| Who decides respondent’s healthcare | ||||
| Respondent alone | 1.04 (0.83 to 1.28) | 0.75 | 1.06 (0.87 to 1.28) | 0.57 |
| Respondent and Spouse | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.20) | 0.64 | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.20) | 0.46 |
| Spouse alone | Reference | |||
| Media exposure | ||||
| Exposed to media | 1.07 (0.92 to 1.24) | 0.37 | 1.07 (0.95 to 1.21) | 0.25 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hausa/Fulani | Reference | |||
| Yoruba | 1.29 (0.9 to 1.85) | 0.17 | 0.95 (0.68 to 1.32) | 0.77 |
| Igbo/Ibiobio | 1.81 (1.21 to 2.71) | 0.00 | 1.07 (0.74 to 1.56) | 0.71 |
| Others | 1.66 (1.35 to 2.03) | 0.00 | 1.24 (1.05 to 1.47) | 0.01 |
| Religion | ||||
| Islam | Reference | |||
| Other Christians | 1.46 (1.19 to 1.79) | 0.00 | 1.27 (1.06 to 1.53) | 0.01 |
| Others | 0.57 (0.26 to 1.24) | 0.16 | 0.95 (0.51 to 1.74) | 0.86 |
| Wealth status | ||||
| Low | Reference | |||
| Middle | 1.2 (1.02 to 1.42) | 0.03 | 1.27 (1.10 to 1.46) | 0.00 |
| Richest | 1.51 (1.21 to 1.9) | 0.00 | 1.51 (1.24 to 1.85) | 0.00 |
| Birth order | ||||
| 1 | 1.90 (1.44 to 2.52) | 0.00 | 1.33 (1.03 to 1.71) | 0.03 |
| 2 | 1.77 (1.41 to 2.22) | 0.00 | 1.44 (1.17 to 1.76) | 0.00 |
| 3 | 1.66 (1.34 to 2.04) | 0.00 | 1.36 (1.13 to 1.64) | 0.00 |
| 4 | 1.21 (0.99 to 1.48) | 0.06 | 1.18 (1.01 to 1.40) | 0.04 |
| 5+ | Reference | |||
| Birth interval | ||||
| First birth | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.52) | 0.01 | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.51) | 0.04 |
| <36 months | 0.95 (0.83 to 1.09) | 0.45 | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.08) | 0.54 |
| 36+ months | Reference | |||
| Current employment status | ||||
| Employed | 1.14 (0.85 to 1.52) | 0.37 | 1.25 (0.97 to 1.60) | 0.08 |
| Spouse current employment status | ||||
| Employed | 1.16 (0.86 to 1.57) | 0.34 | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.25) | 0.83 |
| Region | ||||
| North West | Reference | |||
| North central | 2.60 (2.04 to 3.31) | 0.00 | 1.32 (1.08 to 1.62) | 0.01 |
| North East | 1.58 (1.30 to 1.93) | 0.00 | 1.21 (1.04 to 1.40) | 0.02 |
| South East | 1.79 (1.15 to 2.81) | 0.01 | 1.15 (0.76 to 1.74) | 0.51 |
| South South | 1.55 (1.10 to 2.18) | 0.01 | 1.06 (0.78 to 1.44) | 0.70 |
| South West | 3.01 (2.06 to 4.39) | 0.00 | 1.64 (1.17 to 2.31) | 0.00 |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 0.80 (0.69 to 0.93) | 0.00 | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.06) | 0.28 |
| Household head sex | ||||
| Female | 0.79 (0.63 to 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.10) | 0.30 |
| Wanted the last child | ||||
| Then | Reference | |||
| Later | 0.68 (0.55 to 0.85) | 0.00 | 0.77 (0.63 to 0.93) | 0.01 |
| Never | 0.47 (0.34 to 0.65) | 0.00 | 0.69 (0.52 to 0.91) | 0.01 |
| Family mobility | ||||
| Less stable 0–4 years | 0.96 (0.81 to 1.14) | 0.67 | 0.94 (0.80 to 1.10) | 0.43 |
| Have health Insurance | ||||
| Yes | 1.42 (0.92 to 2.21) | 0.11 | 1.20 (0.80 to 1.81) | 0.38 |
| Wife beating acceptable | ||||
| No | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.27) | 0.13 | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.16) | 0.59 |
| Community SES disadvantage | ||||
| Lowest | 0.82 (0.61 to 1.09) | 0.17 | 0.92 (0.72 to 1.18) | 0.51 |
| Middle | 0.81 (0.67 to 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.06) | 0.23 |
| Highest | Reference | |||
All the variables in this table were significant at p<0.02 in the bivariable analysis aRRR.
ANC, antenatal care; aRRR, adjusted relative risk ratio; NDHS, Nigeria Demographic Health Survey; SES, socioeconomic status.