Table 3.

Overview of the most recent methods (2014 onwards) for detecting M. tuberculosis drug resistance, highlighting the respective target and drug

Assay	Target gene	Referring drug	Reference
GenoType MTBDRplus*	rpoB, katG and inhA	INH and RMP	[165–170]
GenoType MTBDRsl*	embB, gyrA and rrs	EMB, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and cyclic peptide	[171–173]
RT-PCR*	katG, rpoB, MPB64 and IS6110	RMP and INH	[88, 150, 174–180]
Abbott Real-Time MTB RIF/INH†	katG, inhA and rpoB	RMP and INH	[181–183]
Multiplex allele-specific PCR*,‡	rpoB, katG, inhA, pncA and embB	RMP, INH, pyrazinamide, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides	[79, 184–192]
PCR-RFLP*	katG, embB, rpsL and gyrA	INH, streptomycin and fluoroquinolones	[193–195]
Genedrive*	rpoB	RMP	[196]
Anyplex Plus MTB/NTM*	katG and inhA	RMP and INH	[197–199]
AuNP-based lateral flow*	katG	INH	[200]
Electrochemical DNA sensors†,§	rpoB	RMP	[201]
Binary deoxyribozyme sensors†	rpoB, katG, inhA and gyrA	RMP, INH and fluoroquinolones	[202]
Luminex MicroPlex microsphere†	rpoB, GyrA and inhA	RMP and fluoroquinolones	[203]
Nipro Genoscholar†	pncA	Pyrazinamide	[204, 205]
Sequencing*	rpoB, katG, embB, gyrA, gyrB, inhA, rpsL and rrs	RMP, INH, fluoroquinolone and streptomycin	[206–214]

*Sputum samples.

†M. tuberculosis strain samples.

‡Distinguishes M. tuberculosis and M. avium complexes from other mycobacteria directly from clinical specimens [215].

§Based on polypyrrole/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite-bearing redox naphthoquinone tag on PAMAM (spaNQ/PAMAM/PPy/Fe₃O₄).