Table 2.
Species of Babesia reported in tick species other than Ixodes or Dermacentor spp.
| Country | Reference | Tick species (n) | Babesia spp. prevalence |
Babesia species, number of isolates and prevalence (%) |
Species identification method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech Republic, Slovakia | Rybarova et al. [126] | Haemaphysalis concinna (150) | 4% | Babesia sp., 6 (4%) | PCR sequencing |
| USA | Shock et al. [172]a | Amblyomma americanum (184, including questing) | 3.3% | Babesia cf. microti, 2 (from questing) | PCR sequencing |
| China | Abdallah et al. [171] | Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis (242) | 13.5% | Babesia sp. Xinjiang, 32 (13.2%) | PCR-RLB, PCR sequencing |
| Babesia bovis, 1 (0.4%) | |||||
| China | Li et al. [173] | Rhipicephalus microplus (459) | 0.4% | Babesia bigemina, 2 (0.4%) | PCR sequencing |
| China | Zhuang et al. [174] | Haemaphysalis longicornis (144) | 0.7% |
Babesia sp., 1 (0.7%) |
NGS |
| China | Niu et al. [175] | Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis (188) | 21.3% | Babesia sp. Xinjiang, 40 (21.3%) | Species-specific PCR |
| Haemaphysalis longicornis (113) | 9.7% | Babesia sp. Xinjiang, 11 (9.7%) | |||
| Hungary | Hornok et al. [150] | Haemaphysalis inermis (315) | NC | Babesia crassa-like, ten pools | PCR sequencing (pools) |
| Haemaphysalis concinna (259) | NC | Babesia sp. Kh-Hc222, one pool | |||
| Babesia sp. Irk-Hc133, four pools | |||||
| Haemaphysalis punctata (61) | NC | No Babesia | |||
| Spain | Garcia-Sanmartin et al. [125] | Haemaphysalis inermis (87) | 1.1% | B. bigemina, 1 (1.1%) | PCR-RLB |
| Haemaphysalis punctata (111) | 4.5% | B. bigemina, 1 (0.9%) | |||
| B. bovis, 1 (0.9%) | |||||
| Babesia caballi, 1 (0.9%) | |||||
| B. caballi-like, 1 (0.9%) | |||||
| Babesia vulpes (Theileria annae), 1 (0.9%) | |||||
| Haemaphysalis concinna (24) | 0% | - | |||
| Rhipicephalus bursa (50) | 4% | B. caballi, 1 (2%) | |||
| Babesia ovis, 1 (2%) | |||||
| Slovakia | Hamšíková et al. [116] | Haemaphysalis concinna (91) | 6.6% | Babesia sp. 1 (Eurasia), 5 | PCR sequencing |
| Babesia sp. 2 (Eurasia), 1 | |||||
| Turkey | Brinkmann et al. [176] | Rhipicephalus bursa (76) | 1.3% | B. ovis, 1 (1.3%) | NGS |
| Turkey | Orkun et al. [151] | Haemaphysalis parva (793) | 1.6% | B. crassa, n = 8 (1%) | PCR sequencing |
| Babesia rossi, 4 (0.5%) | |||||
| Babesia sp., 1 (0.1%) | |||||
| Hyalomma marginatum (105) | 12% | Babesia occultans, 12 (11%) | |||
|
Babesia sp. tavsan 1 1 (1%) |
|||||
| Rhipicephalus turanicus (9) | 11% |
Babesia sp. tavsan 2 1 (11%) |
|||
| Israel | Harrus et al. [177] | Rhipicephalus turanicus (83 pools) | 1.2% MIR |
Babesia vogeli, one pool (1.2%) |
PCR sequencing (pools) |
| Rhipicephalus sanguineus (48 pools) | 4.2% MIR | B. vogeli, two pools (4.2%) | |||
| Hyalomma spp. (13 specimens) | 0% | - | |||
| Italy | Romiti et al. [152] | Rhipicephalus bursa (980 in 110 pools) | 14.6% pools |
B. caballi, 16 pools (14.5%) |
qPCR with TaqMan probe for B. caballi |
| Japan | Masatani et al. [178]a | Haemaphysalis formosensis (159) | 1.3% | Babesia sp. (feral raccoon strain) (1.3%) | PCR sequencing |
| Haemophysalis flava (191) | 1.6% | Babesia sp. (feral raccoon strain) (1.6%) | |||
| Haemophysalis longicornis (219) | 0% | - | |||
| Japan | Sivakumar et al. [101] | Haemophysalis longicornis (175) | 9.7% | Babesia ovata, 17 (9.7%) | Species-specific PCR for B. ovata |
| Thailand | Wattanamethanont et al. [179] | Haemaphysalis lagrangei (11,309), Haemaphysalis wellingtoni (16), Rhipicephalus microplus (859); total of 419 tick pools | 0.2% (1/419 pools) |
Babesia sp. (new), 1 (0.2% pools) |
PCR sequencing |
MIR for tick pools
NGS Next-generation sequencing, qPCR quantitative PCR, NC not calculated (pools with different number of ticks tested); for other abbreviations, see Table 1
aMostly questing, but also some feeding ticks tested together