Table 1.

Characteristics of pediatric bronchial Dieulafoy's disease (BDD).

References	Country	Sex	Age (years)	Respiratory history	Reason for admission	X-ray	CT	Bronchoscopy	Location	Biopsy and hemoptysis	Angiography	Source of vessel	Treatment
Ganganah et al. (4)	Japan	Male	13	No	Intermittent hemoptysis over a week	NA	Ground glass opacity (GGO) of the right posterior basal lobe	Two elevated lesions with white caps	One at the entrance of the right lateral basal bronchus, one over the subcarina of the right lateral and posterior basal bronchus-black arrows	No biopsy	The right bronchial artery was tortuous and dilated, measuring ~2.7 mm in diameter	BA	BAE (recurred) + surgery (resection of the right middle and lower lobes)
Fang et al. (5)	China	Male	13	No	Massive hemoptysis	NA	Exudative lesion, consolidation, and atelectasis of right lower lobe	Two nonpulsating polypoid nodules of ~3–6 mm	Located at the carina between the external and posterior basal segment of the right lower lobe	No biopsy	A distal right branch of this bronchial artery was dilated and tortuous	BA	Surgery
Giordano et al. (6)	Italy	Male	11	No	Chest discomfort and massive hemoptysis	NA	Diffuse “ground-glass” opacity at the lower lobe of the right lung	NA	At the lower lobe of the right lung	No biopsy	A dilated and tortuous right bronchial artery	BA	BAE
Woodhull et al. (7)	China	Male	8	No	A sudden episode of severe hematemesis	Partial collapse of the right middle and lower lobe	An abnormally dilated right bronchial artery with collapsed right middle and lower lobes, and partial consolidation of the contralateral left lower lobe	Carina, left lower lobe, and lingula revealed minimal fresh and altered blood	At the right lower lobe	No biopsy	NA	BA	BAE
Yeh et al. (8)	China	Female	7	No	Frequent episodes of unprovoked massive hemoptysis for 5 months	NA	An abnormal vascular lesion in her bronchus intermedius	Patchy chronic inflammation in the submucosa and patchy hypertrophy of the subepithelial connective tissue	A polypoid lesion in right bronchus intermedius	No biopsy	Multiple tortuous enlarged feeding vessels	BA	BAE + surgery (a sleeve resection of the bronchus intermedius)
Niu et al. (9)	China	Female	8 months	No	Hemoptysis	NA	Flaky blur of the right upper lobe	Rough and erosive endometrium, bleeding	Upper lobe and middle bronchi of the right lung	No biopsy	Tortuous and dilated, beaded bronchial artery	BA	BAE (failed) + surgery (resection of the right upper lobe)
Chen et al. (this study)	China	Male	9 months	No	Intermittent hemoptysis	Bronchitis	Ground glass opacity of both lungs	A smooth mucosal protrusion	Opening of the right lower lobe	No biopsy	Distorted bilateral bronchial arteries	BA	BAE