Fig. 3. Single-particle tracking of proton charge trajectories at the surface of hBN flake in binary solution (X_H2O = 0.6).

(A) Spatiotemporal trajectories of single proton charges observed over 4 s in a 10 μm–by–10 μm area over the hBN surface. The dimmer points correspond to uncorrelated blinking events. (B) Zoom-in over the spatiotemporal trajectories highlighted in (A). Localized defects are represented as dots, with the radius corresponding to the localization uncertainty.