Table 1. Cognitive disability outcomes in 2013/2016 and baseline sociodemographic characteristics of analytic samples in 2010 (n = 3350).
ADL, activity of daily living; and IADL, instrumental activity of daily living.
| Characteristics | Overall | Home loss | Loss of loved ones | ||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| (n = 3350) | (n = 148) | (n = 3112) | (n = 1254) | (n = 2096) | |
|
Levels of certified
cognitive disability in 2013* |
0.24 (0.88) | 0.57 (1.40) | 0.22 (0.85) | 0.22 (0.84) | 0.25 (0.91) |
|
Levels of certified cognitive disability in 2016*,† |
0.37 (1.04) | 0.56 (1.21) | 0.36 (1.03) | 0.34 (0.99) | 0.38 (1.07) |
| Age, mean (SD) | 73.2 (6.0) | 73.6 (6.4) | 73.2 (6.0) | 72.7 (5.8) | 73.5 (6.1) |
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Men | 1857 (55%) | 87 (59%) | 1709 (55%) | 723 (58%) | 1134 (54%) |
| Women | 1493 (45%) | 61 (41%) | 1403 (45%) | 531 (42%) | 962 (46%) |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||||
| Married | 2364 (73%) | 98 (74%) | 2216 (73%) | 889 (73%) | 1475 (73%) |
| Widowed | 733 (23%) | 30 (23%) | 679 (22%) | 273 (23%) | 460 (23%) |
| Divorced | 83 (2.6%) | 2 (1.5%) | 77 (2.5%) | 29 (2.4%) | 54 (2.7%) |
| Single | 39 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | 36 (1.2%) | 11 (0.9%) | 28 (1.4%) |
| Others | 18 (0.6%) | 2 (1.5%) | 15 (0.5%) | 10 (0.8%) | 8 (0.4%) |
| Living alone, n (%) | |||||
| No | 2979 (91%) | 134 (97%) | 2772 (91%) | 1141 (93%) | 1838 (90%) |
| Yes | 281 (8.6%) | 4 (2.9%) | 269 (8.8%) | 85 (6.9%) | 196 (9.6%) |
| Education, n (%) | |||||
| Less than 6 years | 33 (1.0%) | 0 (0%) | 33 (1.1%) | 11 (0.9%) | 22 (1.1%) |
| 6–9 years | 1103 (34%) | 92 (67%) | 969 (32%) | 467 (38%) | 636 (31%) |
| 10–12 years | 1417 (44%) | 35 (26%) | 1346 (44%) | 496 (41%) | 921 (45%) |
| 13 years or more | 676 (21%) | 8 (5.8%) | 660 (22%) | 236 (19%) | 440 (22%) |
| Others | 26 (0.8%) | 2 (1.5%) | 23 (0.8%) | 12 (1.0%) | 14 (0.7%) |
| Job, n (%) | |||||
| Working | 550 (19%) | 23 (20%) | 514 (19%) | 232 (21%) | 318 (17%) |
| Retired | 1892 (64%) | 66 (56%) | 1782 (64%) | 666 (60%) | 1226 (66%) |
| Never worked | 520 (18%) | 28 (24%) | 479 (17%) | 211 (19%) | 309 (17%) |
|
Household income,
mean (SD)‡ |
231 (141) | 170 (127) | 234 (141) | 227 (142) | 233 (140) |
|
Depressive symptoms,
n (%)§ |
|||||
| Mild/severe depressive symptoms |
857 (30%) | 45 (37%) | 778 (29%) | 315 (29%) | 542 (30%) |
| No depressive symptoms | 2039 (70%) | 77 (63%) | 1931 (71%) | 783 (71%) | 1256 (70%) |
| Self-rated health, n (%) | |||||
| Very good | 417 (13%) | 24 (17%) | 384 (13%) | 159 (13%) | 258 (13%) |
| Good | 2336 (71%) | 93 (65%) | 2183 (71%) | 873 (71%) | 1463 (71%) |
| Not good | 458 (14%) | 15 (11%) | 430 (14%) | 165 (13%) | 293 (14%) |
| Bad | 75 (2.3%) | 10 (7.0%) | 61 (2.0%) | 31 (2.5%) | 44 (2.1%) |
|
Body mass index,
mean (SD) |
23.6 (3.1) | 23.9 (2.8) | 23.5 (3.1) | 23.6 (3.0) | 23.5 (3.1) |
| Total IADL, mean (SD)|| | 11.9 (1.80) | 11.4 (2.50) | 11.9 (1.76) | 12.0 (1.75) | 11.8 (1.83) |
| ADL, mean (SD)¶ | 2.98 (0.15) | 2.94 (0.31) | 2.99 (0.13) | 2.99 (0.14) | 2.98 (0.15) |
|
No. of treatment for
major diseases, mean (SD)# |
1.47 (1.36) | 1.40 (1.28) | 1.46 (1.35) | 1.46 (1.34) | 1.47 (1.37) |
*Levels of certified cognitive disability ranged from 0 (no cognitive deficits) to 7 (needs constant treatment in a specialized medical facility) according to the severity of their cognitive disability.
†Calculated among the analytic sample for the cognitive outcome in 2016 (n = 2664).
‡Annual household income was divided by the square root of the number of household members to account for household size.
§We used the Geriatric Depression Scale (range: 0 to 15 points; higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms) to assess depressive symptoms.
||IADL was measured by the 13-item Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence. Scores ranged from 0 to 13 points, where smaller scores indicate lower functional independence.
¶ADL had three levels (1 = completely needed, 2 = partially needed, and 3 = no help needed).
#We calculated counts of current treatment for major diseases, including cancer, heart diseases, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, arthritis, fracture, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, liver diseases, psychiatric diseases, dysphagia, visual impairment, hearing loss, dysuria, and insomnia.