Table 3. Predisaster sociodemographic characteristics of people at the bottom 10% versus top 10% of the estimated CATE of disaster-related trauma experiences on level of cognitive disability in 2016 (n = 2664).
| Characteristics | Exposure: Home loss | Exposure: Loss of loved ones | ||||
| Resilient | Vulnerable | P value* | Resilient | Vulnerable | P value* | |
| (n = 267) | (n = 267) | (n = 267) | (n = 267) | |||
|
CATE Estimates,
mean (SD)† |
0.03 (0.02) | 0.34 (0.04) | <0.001 | −0.11 (0.03) | 0.16 (0.07) | <0.001 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 68.55 (2.66) | 80.45 (3.15) | <0.001 | 78.79 (5.16) | 74.17 (6.00) | <0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.027 | 0.1 | ||||
| Men | 172 (64%) | 147 (55%) | 145 (54%) | 164 (61%) | ||
| Women | 95 (36%) | 120 (45%) | 122 (46%) | 103 (39%) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.03 | ||||
| Married | 221 (83%) | 171 (64%) | 192 (72%) | 165 (62%) | ||
| Widowed | 33 (12%) | 83 (31%) | 67 (25%) | 83 (31%) | ||
| Divorced | 9 (3.4%) | 6 (2.2%) | 4 (1.5%) | 10 (3.7%) | ||
| Single | 2 (0.7%) | 6 (2.2%) | 4 (1.5%) | 5 (1.9%) | ||
| Others | 2 (0.7%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (1.5%) | ||
| Living alone, n (%) | 0.093 | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 249 (93%) | 238 (89%) | 254 (95%) | 230 (86%) | ||
| Yes | 18 (6.7%) | 29 (11%) | 13 (4.9%) | 37 (14%) | ||
| Education, n (%) | 0.004 | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than 6 years | 1 (0.4%) | 5 (1.9%) | 3 (1.1%) | 6 (2.2%) | ||
| 6–9 years | 72 (27%) | 95 (36%) | 92 (34%) | 138 (52%) | ||
| 10–12 years | 145 (54%) | 105 (39%) | 106 (40%) | 90 (34%) | ||
| 13 years or more | 48 (18%) | 59 (22%) | 63 (24%) | 29 (11%) | ||
| Others | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (1.1%) | 3 (1.1%) | 4 (1.5%) | ||
| Job, n (%) | <0.001 | 0.008 | ||||
| Working | 68 (25%) | 15 (5.6%) | 30 (11%) | 33 (12%) | ||
| Retired | 156 (58%) | 198 (74%) | 186 (70%) | 154 (58%) | ||
| Never worked | 43 (16%) | 54 (20%) | 51 (19%) | 80 (30%) | ||
|
Household income,
mean (SD)‡ |
187 (144) | 276 (115) | <0.001 | 220 (143) | 181 (108) | <0.001 |
|
Depressive
symptoms, n (%)§ |
<0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Mild/severe depressive symptoms |
34 (13%) | 81 (30%) | 22 (8.2%) | 206 (77%) | ||
| No depressive symptoms |
233 (87%) | 186 (70%) | 245 (92%) | 61 (23%) | ||
|
Self-rated health,
n (%) |
<0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Very good | 38 (14%) | 27 (10%) | 39 (15%) | 7 (2.6%) | ||
| Good | 211 (79%) | 191 (72%) | 203 (76%) | 134 (50%) | ||
| Not good | 17 (6.4%) | 40 (15%) | 23 (8.6%) | 104 (39%) | ||
| Bad | 1 (0.4%) | 9 (3.4%) | 2 (0.7%) | 22 (8.2%) | ||
|
Body mass index,
mean (SD) |
24.69 (3.47) | 22.80 (2.46) | <0.001 | 22.39 (2.50) | 23.76 (3.45) | <0.001 |
|
Total IADL, mean
(SD)|| |
12.03 (1.46) | 12.17 (1.50) | 0.053 | 12.38 (0.81) | 9.23 (2.58) | <0.001 |
| ADL, mean (SD)¶ | 3.00 (0.00) | 3.00 (0.06) | 0.3 | 3.00 (0.00) | 2.96 (0.23) | 0.004 |
|
No. of treatment for
major diseases, n (%)# |
1.21 (1.14) | 1.77 (1.51) | <0.001 | 1.62 (1.40) | 1.75 (1.63) | 0.6 |
*P values for between-group differences. We used Wilcoxon rank sum test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.
†Heterogeneous effects (i.e., CATEs) were estimated via the GRF algorithm, using the 51 predisaster demographic and socioeconomic factors, health conditions, psychosocial variables, and behaviors from the 2010 wave. Levels of certified cognitive disability ranged from 0 (no cognitive deficits) to 7 (needs constant treatment in a specialized medical facility) according to the severity of their cognitive disability. Bottom 10% of the CATE distributions were labeled as a Resilient group, because they showed weaker associations between disaster damage and cognitive disability. Top 10% of the CATE distributions were labeled as a Vulnerable group, because they showed stronger associations between disaster damage and cognitive disability.
‡Annual household income was divided by the square root of the number of household members to account for household size.
§We used the Geriatric Depression Scale (range: 0 to 15 points; higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms) to assess depressive symptoms.
||IADL was measured by the 13-item Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence. Scores ranged from 0 to 13 points, where smaller scores indicate lower functional independence.
¶ADL had three levels (1 = completely needed, 2 = partially needed, and 3 = no help needed).
#We calculated counts of current treatment for major diseases, including cancer, heart diseases, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis, arthritis, fracture, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, liver diseases, psychiatric diseases, dysphagia, visual impairment, hearing loss, dysuria, and insomnia.