TABLE 3.
Comparison of Ketamine and Nonketamine Patients Who Developed Incident Delirium
| Variable | Patients With Incident Delirium (n = 332) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ketamine (n = 54) | Nonketamine (n = 278) | ||
| Baseline | |||
| Age, median (IQR) | 64 (56–71) | 64 (53–72) | 0.95 |
| Modified Charlson Comorbidity Score, median (IQR) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (2–4) | 0.12 |
| Admission type, n (%) | |||
| Urgent surgical | 29 (54) | 95 (34) | 0.01 |
| Medical | 25 (46) | 183 (66) | 0.01 |
| During ICU admission until delirium occurrence | |||
| Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, median (IQR) | 8 (6–10) | 8 (6–11) | 0.38 |
| Days with coma, median (IQR) | 1 (0–5) | 1 (0–3) | 0.76 |
| Opioid use (IV or oral), n (%)a | 49 (91) | 209 (75) | 0.02 |
| Average daily dose (mg), median (IQR)a | 21 (13–45) | 18 (10–90) | 0.29 |
| Nonopioid analgesic use, n (%) | |||
| Paracetamol (IV or oral) | 46 (85) | 229 (82) | 0.76 |
| Pregabalin | 2 (4) | 10 (4) | 1.00 |
| Gabapentin | 1 (2) | 3 (1) | 0.51 |
| Sedative use, n (%) | |||
| Propofol | 46 (85) | 214 (77) | 0.25 |
| Benzodiazepine (IV or oral)b | 32 (59) | 137 (49) | 0.23 |
| Clonidine (IV) | 18 (33) | 55 (20) | 0.04 |
| Dexmedetomidine | 4 (7) | 33 (12) | 0.47 |
| Antipsychotic use, n (%) | |||
| Haloperidol (IV) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - |
| Quetiapine | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - |
| During ICU admission after delirium occurrence | |||
| Days with delirium, median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–5) | 0.21 |
| Delirium subtype, n (%) | |||
| Hypoactive | 30 (56) | 138 (50) | 0.52 |
| Hyperactive | 8 (15) | 36 (13) | 0.88 |
| Mixed | 16 (30) | 104 (37) | 0.35 |
| Opioid use, n (%)a | 32 (59) | 159 (57) | 0.90 |
| Nonopioid analgesic use, n (%) | |||
| Paracetamol (IV or oral) | 45 (83) | 241 (87) | 0.66 |
| Pregabalin | 4 (7) | 10 (4) | 0.26 |
| Gabapentin | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 1.00 |
| Sedative use, n (%) | |||
| Propofol | 30 (56) | 150 (54) | 0.95 |
| Clonidine (IV) | 23 (43) | 109 (39) | 0.75 |
| Benzodiazepine (IV or oral)b | 17 (31) | 64 (23) | 0.25 |
| Dexmedetomidine | 11 (20) | 84 (30) | 0.19 |
| Antipsychotic use, n (%) | |||
| Haloperidol (IV) | 38 (70) | 169 (61) | 0.24 |
| Quetiapine | 5 (9) | 36 (13) | 0.60 |
| Days with physical restraint, median (IQR) | 4 (0–11) | 6 (1–14) | 0.39 |
| During entire ICU admission | |||
| Days with mechanical ventilation, median (IQR) | 5 (2–11) | 7 (3–14) | 0.41 |
| Days in the ICU, median (IQR) | 7 (3–13) | 9 (4–17) | 0.38 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 7 (13) | 36 (11) | 0.19 |
IQR = interquartile range.
aAverage IV morphine equivalent dose ≥ 10 mg/d.
bAverage midazolam equivalent dose ≥ 5 mg/d.